VOL.9, NO.2
THE RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT OF LANDSCAPE RESEARCH IN TAIWAN
Hsiao-Lin Wang
The profession of Landscape has been developed for over twenty years in Taiwan. It is related to many fields, such as architecture, civil engineering, horticulture, urban planning, structural engineering, economics, etc. The government intends recently to have a new professional category, called Landscape, in their professional system. In order to identify this field from the others, one must look at the quantity and quality of the research done in the past. This study gives an overview on the dissertations as well as the research papers publish- ed in journals between 1981 and 2000 in Taiwan. The statistics shows 1162 dissertations from 43 universities and colleges with 140 graduate schools, and 759 papers published on 34 types of periodicals. There are also 25 research topics being categorized and analyzed. The findings of this study are as follows:
In the past twenty years, landscape research topics in Taiwan focused on urban landscape, landscape and resource evaluation, leisure and recreation, environment and ecology, environmental psychology, behavior and ethics, etc.
The landscape research has been an issue in the academic fields in Taiwan since twenty years ago. It reached a peak period in 2000.
The order of the research context is application, methodology and theory.
Many colleges tend to do similar research subjects. As a result, the academic uniqueness of the colleges is lost.
In the international scene, new issues such as landscape ecology, urban ecology have become crucial in recent years.
A STUDY ON THE RECOGNITIONS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS ON SYMBOLISM, FORM AND LOCATION OF GARDEN TREES.
Wen-Ping Shih, Sheng-Jung Ou
The main purpose of this study was to discuss the recognitions of landscape architecture students on symbolism, form and plant place of garden trees. In this study, nine symbolism adjectives, six plant places, eight symbolism origins and five tree forms namely: fastigiate, columnar, spreading: round, and pyramidal were selected for exploring the above mentioned recognitions. Using color slides and the questionnaire survey, 238 valid samples from the students of six universities were obtained. The students all majored in landscape architecture currently. The resulting data were analyzed and examined by descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and Canonical Correlation. The major findings were described as followings:
There were significant differences on the recognitions of respondents on symbolism of trees.
There were significant differences on the recognitions of respondents on planting places of trees.
The relationships between recognitions of symbolism and planting places of trees were evi-dently significant.
AN ASSESSMENT OF HOSPITAL THERAPEUTIC GARDEN DESIGN-CASE STUDY IN TAIPEI METROPOLITAN AREA
Yu-Jen Kuo, Yen-Ling Peng, Chung-Hsin Yang
Landscaping is an integral part of our culture and plays an essential role in the quality of our environment, affecting our economic well-being and our physical and psychological health. The goal of this study was to investigate the use and design types of gardens by evaluating 25 case hospitals. From the results we found that most of the hospitals contained 3 main types of hospital garden: outdoor garden; backyard; and roof garden. The National Soldiers hospital owned the most 3 outdoor gardens and 2 backyards compared to the other investigated cases. Disability-free environment and harmless plant species were concerned to be the most two important elements in hospital therapeutic garden design principles in this survey. Among 15 hospitals contained outdoor gardens, two private hospitals of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Lin-Kou, and Taiwan Adventist hospital were significantly better than public Municipal Jen-Ai hospital. Among 7 hospitals contained backyard, public Taipei veterans' general hospital was significantly better than the other hospitals. Among 7 hospitals which set of roof gardens, public National Taiwan University hospital was significantly better than the other hospitals. Through 25 hospitals we look at, found that public hospitals were more aware of and supportive of gardens in their environment than were private hospitals. However, all hospitals seemed more concerned with cosmetic landscaping to enhance their image but not necessarily to fill the therapeutic needs of patients or staff in this study.
THE STUDY OF PATIENTS' SETTING EXPERIENCE IN HOSPITAL LANDSCAPE
Hsing-Fen Tang, Der-Lin Ling
The purposes of this research are to classify the patient's experience items that perceived from the hospital outdoor landscape, examine the relation among the patients' experience, their perception of hospital outdoor landscape and the activities they take, and study the factors that related to patients' satisfaction. The study area is Veteran's Hospital landscape. Analysis reveals the patients' experience in the hospital outdoor landscape could be concluded in two dimensions. Patients' environment perception, types of activities,educational level, and their occupation are the influential factors of their experiences. The factors that influence patients' satisfaction about the environment are their environment perceptions, the differences between their setting experience and need, the types of activities they take and their educational level.
A STUDY ON PERCEPTION FOR PLANTING DESIGN IN URBAN PARK
Lan-Ying Yu, Yann-Jou Lin
One principle of planting design in urban park proposes that people receive neat, solemn and artificial perceptions in the geometrical style park, and receive natural, comfortable perceptions in the natural style park. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the principle and public perceptions. The operational variables were "arrangement of plant" and "tree form". Sixteen simulated photos were used for students' questionnaire. Participants assessed the preference and four perceptive attributes of comfort, solemnity, picturesqueness, and neatness about each photograph. The results are summarized as following:
1. Different tree form plants significantly influenced environmental perceptions and preference. The wider tree canopies had more positive effects on comfort, picturesqueness and preference, and had more negative effects on solemnity and neatness. 2.Different arrangements of plants significantly influenced environmental perceptions and preference. The space created by two row of planting with symmetry) had more positive effects on comfort, solemnity, picturesqueness, neatness and preference than natural planting. 3.With environmental perceptions as regression inputs of the visual preference, the four attributes were significant predictors. Comfort and picturesqueness were more significant predictors than solemnity)1 and neatness. 4. Tree form was the main factor that had influences on preference. On the psychophysical model, the spreading or pyramidal form was more preferred than fastigiate form.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS AND RESPONDENTS' PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES.
Chun-Yen Chang, Chia-Chun Hung
The purpose of this study was to realize the effect oflandscape elements on respondents' physical and psychological responses. The Conjoint analysis was used to discuss the strength of different landscape elements. Theories of biofeedback and natural benefit on human were discussed. Landscape elements, which include trees, water, and flower, were arranged in 12 simulated images to test respondents' response.
By the test of Repeated Measure ANOVA, the result shows that different compositions of landscape elements have different effect on physical response (left-brainawave, Electromyography: EMG'. Blood volume pulse amplitude: BVPA). For the psychological effect, the four kinds of emotion index Qoyful-kind, calm-happy, sinister-confuse, tension-afraid) all have significant differences when showing the respondents with different composition of landscape elements.
The Conjoint analysis was used to analyze the strength of different landscape elements. Warm color flowers have significant effect on raising respondents' left and right-brain a wave 、BVPA, and lower their EMG. While cold color flowers lower respondents' both left and right-brain a wave 、EMG and raise their BVPA. When showing the landscape with water, respondents'right-brain a wave 、EMG(EMG) 、BVPA increase, while the left-braina wave decreases. When showing the images with tree, right-brain a wave 、EMG 、left-brainawave decreases and higher the BVPA. For psychological effect the warm color flowers decrease the calm-happy/sinister-confuse and increases the joyful and tension-afraid. When showing images with trees the tension-afraid index increases and joyful-kind/calm-happy index decrease. When showing landscapes with water, the joyful-kind and calm happy index increase. From the results of conjoint analysis, the different landscape elements have significant effect on respondents' physical and psychological effect. The flower colors have most strength effect compare to other landscape elements.
VOL.9, NO.1
TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY INTO RECREATIONAL USE ON MARGINAL AREAS OF NATIONAL PARK: A CASE STUDY ON THE CHUTZUHU COMMUNITY IN YANGMINGSHAN NATIONAL PARK
Chao-Sheng Lee, Der-Lin Ling
The purposes of this study were to explore the issues of farmland use on the marginal areas of National Park. References reviews were focused primarily from Centre-Periphery model in geographical discourse and boundary management principles in landscape ecology. A case study was done at Chutzuhu (ie. a community in Yangmingshan National Park). By way of investigating and analyzing tl1e attitudes of domestic farmers those who lived and visitors in Yangmingshan National Park, the research examining the impacts from changing of farmland use and checking the suitability of zoning regulations by administration. The results show that the social and cultural attributes are correlative with attitudes of the impacts from farmland use change. Besides of the researches and fundamental investigation of natural resources, a long term management programs concerning to the welfare of domestic farmers, and do a justice treatment of land use by qualifying analysis on the relationship between human and the lands in different spatial-times scale are also important.
A MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR NIMBY WASTE INCINERATOR SITE SELECTION
Wann-Ming Wey, Hsuan-Chih Chang
Only few research applications of mathematical location theory have been developed in the past that are actually in use to support decision makers in siting problems. This research proposes a Decision Support System (DSS) to construct a solid framework for siting problems. This DSS is based on multicriteria decision analysis in finding the best incinerator site by minimizing costs and environmental impacts. The research considers the issue of the siting of a NIMBY(Not In My Back Yard) type facility site selection such as a waste incinerator in local area. We solve this problem utilizing a complete algorithm. The proposed approach identifies a hierarchy of objectives for the siting problem. First of all, several potential sites need to be selected as a set of feasible alternative sites. Second, those alternative feasible sites will be further evaluated via the multicriteria decision making methods. For the evaluation process, we solve a 0/1 combinatorial optimization problem at the upper level and proceed the multiattribute simple additive weight method at the lower level to get the optimal solutions. We develop a decision support system for waste incinerator site selection and provide the decision makers a useful tool for decision making. An empirical application of a real world waste incinerator site selection existing in Taichung City is followed in the end.
PUBLIC PREFERENCES TOWARD IMPROVEMENT OF OVERPASS : A CASE STUDY OF TAICHUNG CITY
Jing-Shoung Hou, Chang-Jen Kuo, Pei-Chen Hsin, Hsiao-Yun Chang
Overpass was an important facility for walking, as well as an important element of urban landscape. With the Planner's management and practicing of urban planning, the form of overpass design became more and more important. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between residents' cognition and preference and the design type and background height of building. Design types of overpass were classified into five types they were basic type, natural type, lively type, historical type and modem type. There are there categories of background height of building, which are low, middle and high. By using visual simulation, the five types of design type were represented three background height, 15 photos were shown to the residents for investigating the preference of the design type. The results are summarized as followed: 1. The residents prefer the natural improvement design of overpass. 2. The degree of personal characteristics influences the visual preference for the improvement design of overpass. 3.The interdependence of the design type of overpass and background height of building had a significant influence on the public's preference 4.Variability of natural, lively, complexity and modem influence visual preference of the improvement design of overpass.
CULTIVATION AND SPECIES CHOICE OF SELECTED TROPICAL TREES IN TAIWAN APPLIED TO THE MINI POT CULTURE
Chih-Chun Fang, Ming-Jou Lai, Ching-Te Chien
The present study focused on the "Mini Pot Culture" of 18 woody species harvested from Hengchun and Lanyu of southern Taiwan. Seed germination, seedling fertilization and seedling survival in house were tested, and then the suitable indoor plants for mini pot culture were selected after25 weeks growth by 9 criteria: tree shape, diseases and insects pest, tree morphology, height, leave luster, growth speed, germination percentage and survival rate. The results showed that except for the Syzygium simile and Erythrina variegata, the slow-released fertilizer was incapable of increasing most of seedling growth and was harmful for overdose. Sooty mold of Bischofia javanica and Powdery mildew of camphor tree were found during the cultivation period. The species of fallen leaves were found in the Bischofia javanica, Clausena excavata, Erythrina variegata, Sapindus mukorossii too. These trees of diseases occurrence and/or fallen leaves were unable to become mini pot culture. According to growth condition with the 9 criteria, 6 species were sorted out. They are Aglaia formosana, Diospyros kotoensis, Diospyros discolor, Syzygium simile, Pouteria obovata and Syzygium paucivenium. Among them, the light compensation points proved that the former 4 species could be adapted to the indoor environment.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITION AND LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES REGARDING CAMPUS LANDSCAPE FACILITIES IN TAICHUNG CITY
Jing-Shoang Hou, Hsiao-Yun Chang, Yi-Kai Chuang
The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between elementary school children's environmental cognition and learning opportunities regarding campus landscape facilities. There were 602 subjects from elementary school children who were fifth and sixth grade in Taichung city. Structured questionnaires were used. The findings indicated that: 1. Environmental cognition was influenced significantly by school location.2. In several environmental cognition factors, only "visual perception" was influenced significantly by elementary school children's activity, category.3. "Visual perception" and "crowding perception" were influenced significantly by elementary school children's activity location. 4. Activity and environmental cognition: All elementary school children's activity characteristics correlated with "visual perception" significantly; and "sport characteristics" significantly correlated with several environmental cognition factors. 5. The results of canonical correlation analysis indicated that "comfort" and "observation" within 7 environmental cognition factors significantly correlated with three environmental learning opportunity factors including " learning environmental cognition", "learning interest", and "learning opportunity". The results of this study is useful to elementary school campus planning and design, that provide a lot of variety and privacy of landscape facilities and fit to children's requirement and using property.
A LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING THE EVALUATION METHOD OF RIVER CORRIDOR : A STUDY ON FA-TZU RIVER
Chun-Yen Chang, Kun-Tso Chen
The propose of this study is to set a landscape ecological evaluation system of river corridor. River corridor can enhance the ecological of the fragmental habitat and the species diversity. The river corridors should have three function of landscape ecological: (1) It plays the role of passing and habitat corridors of animals. (2) It filters the pollutant. (3) It provides good view and changes the regional microclimate. The factors that affect functions of river corridors include the five factors: the vegetation construction, the width of the river, river corridor connectivity, and the river continuum concept. This paper construct the evaluation method of river corridor by using these five factors. The method is depend on the concept of river connective system. By using different scale of maps to evaluation the entire state of the river. In the study case, to evaluate the Raft River Corridor by using the site photo, l/5000 and 1/25000. Findings shows that beside the water quality of the Raft River, others conditions present bad ecological quality. Therefore, this study suggests that the improvement of the ecological environment should begin with the small scale.