VOL.8, NO.2
INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GOLF COURESE DEVELOPMENT CONTROL IN TAIWAN
Hou-Nan Tsai
In the past decade, it has been always a social debate on golf courses development in Taiwan. The positive effects of golf courses development include not only satisfying social leisure and recreational demand, but also involving land development and economics of leisure. Also, its environmental impact will induce deforestry, soil erosion, local hydrological cycle and microclimatic change. In fact, Taiwan is indeed an ecological senstive island ecosystem, so that our future national comprehensive development must be toward sustainable development. After all, the golf player group is a small part of our people but the landscape management of golf courses demand large amount of water resources and agricutural drugs, which is a taking issue of environmental sustainability and social justice.
The content of this essay tries to introduce the existing status and future trend of golf clubs, as well as investigate both institutional and practical aspect of golf courses development in Taiwan. Secondly, it introduces the practical experiences from both Singapore and Ja- pan which we can learn more. Finally, we shall propose suggestions on public policy of golf courses development control in Taiwan.
THE USE OF INTEGRATED TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT IN GOLF COURSE
Yu-Jen Kuo
The number of golf courses in the world is growing and now exceeds25,000. There are at least 82 golf courses running in Taiwan. This involves a considerable amount of open space and potential habitat due to the average of 18-hole golf course in Taiwan covers more than 50 hectares of land. Potential environmental problems associated with golf course construction and turfgrass management include loss of habitat and wildlife species, water conservation, chemical contamination of soil and water resources, etc. The goal of integrated turfgrass management (ITM)program is to keep pest populations or damage at a tolerable level. The keystone of a turfgrass ITM program is frequent, careful monitoring of pest activity, including suitable turfgrass seclection, cultural practices, scouting and monitoring, pesticide use, and record keeping, etc.. In this paper, we presented design principals for applying landscape ecological design to retain and restore biodiversity in golf course, and introduced ITM system to decrease the possible contamination of soil and water sources from the usage of pesticides and fertilizers. However, we hope this research will be of value in guiding advisors in government and planners of superintendent in golf course at the science of landscape ecology and how it can help them.
THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG PREFERENCE, COGITATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL BENEFIT AND PHYSICAL RESPONSE OF LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT
Tzu-Hui Tseng, Der-Lin Ling, Hui-Fen Mao
Most landscape evaluation research is utilizing psychological and sociological science research methods; in addition, the psychophysiological methods have been gaining its popularity in recent years. This study is based on the fundamental concepts of psychology and psychophysiology to explore the relationship among landscape preference, physical response and psychological benefit cognizance after the subjects have been stimulated/influenced by landscape environment.
The experiment results are as follows:
1. The subjects preferred a naturally formed landscape more than the artificial one. This result matches the Kaplan & Kaplan Theory of 1987. However, the experiment result of the correlation between open landscape and enclos landscape was not statistically significance.
2.The psychological benefit cognizance of naturally formed landscape is obviously higher than the artificial one. This result also coincides a portion of Ulrich's research in 1979 and Kaplan's research in1989 and 1995. Nevertheless, similar to the result of samply audience, the empirical result of the correlation between open landscape and enclos landscape was not statistically significance either.
3.The result of physical response was not statistical significant enough to warrant a further study; however, Wise and Rosenberg has found that exposing the selected audience to the Savanna Landscape can reduce the sample audience's stress level tremendously.
4.There is a positive correlation between landscape preference and psychological benefit cognizance; the greater landscape preference, the greater the psychological benefit cognizance. Consequently, the higher the visual preference rewards the greater psychological benefits.
5.The physical response of the subjeces audience who prefer naturally formed and closure landscapes is more relaxed. On the other hand, for those who prefer artificial and open landscapes, they have more stressed physical responses.
In conclusion, the preference and psychological benefit cognizance rate of naturally for- med landscape is superior to that of artificial landscape. A designer should set the design objectives to the high preference landscaping while designing and planning to achieve superior results. For example, since the physical response of the people who prefer naturally formed and closure landscape is more relaxed, designers should consider more about the naturally formed and closure landscape while designing a comfortable place for living and relaxing.
STUDY ON THE METHODS OF EVALUATING THE SCIENIC BEAUTY OF STREET TREES
Yann-Jou Lin
The purpose of this study was to compare difference among methods of landscape es- thetics evaluation. Some important findings of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The slides and photographs are reliable stimuli for measuring public preference for street trees. The direction and position of taking pictures, however, make some differences on preference for some pictures. This result suggests that more studies are necessary to examine the appropriate way of taking pictures. 2. There exist significant differences among respondent groups when comparing the preference. The SBES of those pictures measured from different respon- dent groups are positively and highly correlated. It suggests that the criterion difference am- ong respondents can effectively be adjusted to the same rating scale by the Scenic Beauty Estimation method. 3. The revealed high correlation among SBES of student groups, professional group, and citizen group justifies previous approach to measure students' landscape
preferences as public preferences.
LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS AND BIRD'S RICHNESS, EVENNESS, AND DIVERSITY
Chun-Yen Chang, Sheng-Jung Ou, Yu-Chien Chien
The purpose of this survey study is to test the theory of landscape element of landscape ecology that relates the landscape elements to bird communities for bird species at the estuary of Danghsui River in Taiwan. The independent variables such as the areas of wetland, rice paddy, small woods, farm, building, etc., were defined generally as landscape elements. The dependent variables were defined generally as birds' rich index, which includes the richness, evenness, and the diversity of bird's communities.
This study find Aero-photography Map (1/5000) provides detailed land uses, which can trace out the scatters of patches and explain more variances of bird's diversity, richness and evenness. Further studies related to the urban and the rural areas are needed due to the different land use patterns. Especially in the rural areas of Taiwan, the information of landscape ecological is in a critical position.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TYPES OF NEIGHBORHOOD SPACE AND RESIDENTS' SENSE OF SECURITY
Su-Hsin Lee
Urban safety was getting worse recently. The community is the basic unit to achieve urban defensible system. The physical and social features not only provide defensible weakness information to motivated criminal but also effect residents' safety cognition of neighborhood spaces. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influential safety factors in three different community outdoor spatial types: parks, alleys, and spacious space. The safety factors included accessibility, concealment, security monitoring, management, social activities, and familiarity. The research method included personal interviews, observation and questionnaires survey. There were 306 useful samples collected from Fengsu community and analyzed by ANOVA and regression analyses. The results were described as follows: (1)The residents' daily activity area was around the park and home. The usage level of different neighborhood types affected the cognition of management and monitoring system. (2) The influential factors of safety were related to neighborhood types. Park was effected by activities, familiarity, concealment, and accessibility; alley was effected by activities, management, familiarity, concealment, monitoring and accessibility; while spacious space was related to activities, concealment, accessibility, monitoring and patrolling. (3) Although the areas far away from residence and concentrated population were not hot spot for criminal, subjects had a higher unsafe perception since the low level activities and the unfamiliarity.
VOL.8,NO.1
STATUS AND PROGRESS OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY STUDIES IN TAIWAN
I-Chen Hsueh, Kou-Chung J. Lee, Ming-Jou Lai
In the present paper, recent landscape ecology studies in Taiwan are summarized, particularly in the fields of forestry, agriculture and urban planning. Since 1993, 38 papers including 14 papers in the field of forestry have appeared on local relevant journals, while 45 degree theses/ dissertations have been presented since 1991.Last year (2000), 12 papers were published. The science of landscape ecology is getting popular and important in multifields, such as urban and rural planning, forestry management, agriculture, landscape architecture, etc. There is increasing trend of studies in this field since 1997, but it still remains in the developing period.
VIEW-SHED VISIBILITY SIMULATION IN URBAN STREETSCAPE AREA
Hsiao-Tung Chang
The growth of visual simulation analysis as a fundamental planning tool has provided guidance for urban design permission. In this paper, we show how a reference frame for dynamic view-shed simulation of moving people in urban streetscape areas. The representation has in 3D space of observer that retinal flow is divided into change in visual angle and change in distance of building. Visibility also could be calculated when light projected in visual angle areas. Using computer 3-D model to simulate visor by spotlight for analysis visors viewpoint, view height, and distance to analyze visual area. Throughout the case study of this model, it shows that exist view-shed difference of moving observer. It could be helpfully to visual landscape control of urban streetscape areas.
STUDY ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO HIGH TEMPERATURE, WATER STRESS AND MIXED PLANTING OF THREE HERB PLANTS
Shin-Hwei Lin, Yi-Chang Chen, Mei-Zhen Chen
The Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Blanket-flower (Gaillardia pulchella) and Rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseuss) were selected as testing plants. Their morphological variation and physiological response to the environmental stresses and to different mixed planting were investigated in order to study the response mechanism and select the best combination of various plant species. The temperature control among 20~40 ̊C, and water with holding treatment could understand the response of tested plants. In general, when the relative growth (R value) of combination was higher than 1, it means that the interaction among mixed planted plants has no competition and allelopathy. The results of this study are summarized as follows:
The leaf net photosynthetic rates and transpiration rate of Blanket-flower, Rose periwinkle and Bermuda grass at 35°C were higher than those at 20~30°C. It means that all the testing plants could adapt high temperature environment.
The water-use efficiency of three testing plants was decreased as the temperature increased within 20~40°C.
The leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance of individual plant were decreased as the soil moisture decreasing for the tested plants.
The relative growth (R value) of combination: Bermuda grass was 0.4189, Blanket-flower was 0.3593, Rose periwinkle was 0.3472.It means that exist competition among the tested plants.
INFLUENCE FACTORS OF LANDSCAPE PROFESSIONALS' WORKING BEHAVIOR INTENTION
Jing-Shoung Hou, Ya-Fen Yang
The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationships among the cognition of job characteristic, organizational commitment, professional commitment and working behavior intention of landscape professionals. We also analyze that if personal attributes and organizational characteristic would affect the above-mentioned relationships. Hypotheses were generated and examined for samples of design and for planning professionals who are working in the landscape industry. By mailing survey 264 questionnaires were administered, with 167 valid responses. The findings indicated that: 1. In general, landscape professionals have low turnover and innovation. 2. Professionals who are younger, with lower cognition of job characteristic, lower organizational commitment and lower professional commitment tend to have higher turnover intention. 3. Male professionals who have higher cognition of job characteristic and higher professional commitment tend to have higher innovatory intention.
THE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION EVALUATION ON THE PITOU PARK'S TRAIL
Chyong-Ru Liu, Jo-Hui Lin
The purpose of this study is to understand construction evaluation of the trail's route at Pitou Park on the Northeast Coast National Scenic Area. In this paper, Multicriteria Evaluation with Qualitative and Quantitative Data (MEQQD) is used to evaluate the route's construction and an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to calculate the weight of each criterion. The result reveals that "the ratio of lower geological sensitive area", "the unique of nature landscape", "the ratio of lower slope area", and "the degree of community participator's support" are the most important criteria to evaluate the trail route's construction. It is also found that the cross-middle route is the most preferable, followed by the Hill-top route and the seashore-route. Suggestions on the decision-making of the trail route's construction are proposed for the administration based on the findings.
A STUDY ON PARK ENTRANCE TYPE - A PIONEERING STUDY OF TAICHUNG CITY
Jing- Shoung Hou, Yi-kai Chuang, Kuo-Jung Lin
In recognizing a park, entrance is the first experience. Like the cover of a book, it has always been ignored and needed to be explored. This study selected 60 photos taken in 26 parks in Taichung City. Combined with five attributes in environment recognition, the photos were used for the questionnaires, getting "views of common people." Next, the attributes of physical park spaces were analyzed and the results were categorized as "views of physical spaces." Subsequently, the formal composition of park entrances were analyzed and categorized as "professional views".Finally, the cross-analysis and synthetic comparison of these three categories were conducted in order to see the characteristics and relationship of differ- ent park entrance types for the reference of landscape design.
The result of different entrance types shows various characteristics. "Beautiful but rarely seen"," common and open", "hided and mysterious", and "common and artificial" are five categories in views of common people, while "diverse facilities", "open and deep", "vertical separated", and "obvious and spacious" are views of physical spaces, and "main scene", "conductive", "hided", and"simply opened" are those of professionals. From these results, some syn- theses are revealed as followed: A. Entrances with special images and strong visual charac- ters are mostly main entrances of the park. B. Secluded, partially hided and seductive entrances are considered mysterious by common people. C. Open and specious entrances known by most people are usually secondary entrances of the park.
In conclusion, the three major categories shown above presented various advantages and disadvantages. In designing park entrances, characteristics and elements investigated above can be employed and adopted by designers for the setting needed.