VOL.7, NO.2
HOLISTIC THINKING V.S. FOUR DIMENSIONAL PLANNING, CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
Monica Kuo
Modern land use planning method bad been evolving from traditional single-perspective approach and two-dimentional planning process, due to the need for multi-functional concern on the characteristics of allocation, nature and cultural opportunities and its constraints which revealing from the intrinsic suitabilities of the land itself.
The development of Landscape Ecology had not only provides a new tool for better understanding of geo-ecological structure for specific site development, but it also performs as a great platform for upgrading the efficiency, accuracy and quality on regional, urban and all layers of physical planning, including road alignment, industrial park development as well as new town development.
The purpose of this study is to examine the current land planning problems regarding on the bio-spatial structure, and try to iniciate a holistic framework based on the theory of Landscape Ecology by establishing a guidance for planners and decision makers towards wise use of our limited land resources.
CARRYING CAPACITY DYNAMIC SYSTEM OF RECREATIONAL AREAS
- A STUDY ON THE TAROKO NATIONAL PARK
Chun-Yen Chang
Visitor number is used to be an important evaluation factor for a national park. However, most of the park managers in Taiwan were not able to know the exact visitor's distribution in their park. 'The Taroko National Park, a road-type national park, has a more serious crowding problem than other national parks in Taiwan. Therefore, the information of the visitors' distribution in this park turns to be an important issue.
This study tried to apply a computer simulation model to predict the visitor's distribution in the park. ARENA ver 1.0 developed by Simulation Model Co. was used to establish the simulation model in this study. The simulated model uses the Real Visitors' Time Between Arrival, Visitors' Branch Probability, Visitors' Delay Time, Visitors' Moving Speed to simulate the Simulated Visitors' Distribution. Further- more, the difference between the simulated condition and real condition was investigated by comparing the simulated crowding condition with the visitors' crowding cognition from the Internet questionnaire.
Two parts of the data were collected. The first one was the traffic data collected on site for the simulation model; the second part was visitors' crowding cognition collected by the Internet questionnaire. Visitors were invited to the researcher's homepage to provide their experiences of crowding location, crowding period, and the possible crowding reasons.
The results of this study depict the applicability of the simulation in modeling the visitors' distribution. The simulation model gives the planners a useful tool to realize visitors' distribution except the standard codes and the experiences of the planners that were not suitable for various situations in different parks.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTS ON GOLF COURSES IN TAIWAN
Yu-Jen Kuo
The number of golf courses in the world is growing and now exceeds 25,000. There are at least 82 golf courses running in Taiwan. This involves a considerable amount of open space and potential habitat owing to the average 18-hole golf course in Taiwan covers more than 50 hectares of land. Potential environmental problems associated with golf course construction and turfgrass management include loss of habitat and wildlife species, water conservation, chemical contamination of soil and water resources, etc. Using the personal computer, satellite position systems, geographic information systems, and remote sensing systems are one of the best way to achieve precision farming practice.
In Taiwan, there is an increasing desire to manage the sustainable environments to ensure that farmland is good for environmental and economic term. In this proposal, we present an approach for applying landscape ecological design to retain and restore biodiversity in golf course, and going to introduce integrated turfgrass management (ITM) system to decrease the possible contamination of soil and water sources from the usage of pesticides and fertilizers. However, we hope this research will be of value in guiding advisors in government and planners of superintendent in golf course at the science of landscape ecology and how it can help them.
EVALUATING THE LANDSCAPE ESTHETICS OF STREET TREES
Yann-Jou Lin
The purpose of this study is to measure the landscape esthetics of different species of street trees to serve as one criterion for street tree selection. The psychophysical model is applied to measure respondents' preferences for street trees. Seventy-two color slides and photographs of street tree taking from Taipei city were presenting to nine groups of respondents including one professional group, four student groups and four citizen groups. Those respondents were asked to rate their preference for every picture. These ratings were transformed to scenic beauty estimates by RMRATE. Multiple regression analyses were applied to analyze the relationship between preference and various street tree attributes. It is found that area of crown measured from picture, rows of tree, tree form, leaf density of tree, and tree flowering are important factors that affacting public preferences for street trees. The more crown area in the picture and rows of tree the more it is preferred. The influences of these attributes on preference, however, are different for different respondent groups and for different tree locations.
A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION FRAMEWORK OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF URBAN CORRIDOR -A CASE STUDY ON TUNG-KWAN PARKWAY IN TAICHUNG CITY
Hsiao-Lin Wang, Hui-Yi Wu
Urban is the living environment that brings up by human activities of economics. Because of the undue development and the lack of comprehensive planning, the urban open space can't bring its ecological benefit. The present study discussed the evaluation framework of landscape ecological function of urban corridor on landscape ecological approach. Using fuzzy Delphi method, the study sieved out the evaluation factors, then by the use of fuzzy analytical hierarchical process method it obtains the weights and hierarchical framework of factors. Finally, the study proceeded to the case study in view of above. The evaluation factors include three hierarchies, the first hierarchy includes maintaining ecological sustainability and improving urban landscape quality, the second hierarchy includes corridor spatial structure, corridors quality, species diversity, landscape continuity and landscape environment characters, while the third hierarchy has fifteen evaluation factors, including connectivity, width and space continuity, etc. The result of the case study showed that Tung-Kwan parkway not only provides species living environment but supplies the urban people a high quality leisure environment. But it is short of local vegetation, plant diversity and space connectivity.
THE STUDY ON EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES AND PREFERENCES OF HERBACEOUS FLOWER COLORS
Sheng-Jung Ou, Ei-Ching Tseng
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional experiences an d prefer- ences of herbaceous flower color. The study used lawnn and pathway people commonly see in a park as background. Five herbaceous flower colors were used to create the experimental scenes. Twenty-five experimental scenes were modified using software "PhotoShop". A questionnaire with 25 color pictures was used as a surrey instrument in eight community parks of Taichung city. Through simple random sampling, 392 valid samples were selected.
The study descriptive statistics, factor analysis, one-way analysis of variance, T-test and Pearson cor- relation analysis to describe the research results and examine the research hypotheses. The major results were summarized as follows:
1. By using factor analysis, emotional experience variables were reduced to four dimensions, "viva- cious-interesting" 、 "peacefil-comfortable"、 "beautiful-delightful"、"melancholy-confusing".
2. The same color of herbaceous flower with different planting arrangements had different influences on emotional experiences and preference.
3. Different colors of herbaceous flowers with same plating arrangement had different influences on emotional experiences and preference.
4. In the environment of herbaceous flower color, different observers' characteristics had different emotional experiences and preference.
5. There were significant correlations between preference and emotional experiences.
VOL.7, NO.1
THE INFLUENCES OF LANDSCAPE TYPES ON THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC AND ATTENTION RESTORATION
Chun-Yen Chang, Li-Ling Wan
The Influences of Landscape Types on the Physical and Psychological Reaction: A Study on the Electromyographic and Attention Restoration This study uses the cognitive paradigm as the conceptual theory bases. It also applies the Psychophysiological measurement to depict the relationships between Attention Restoration and the Electromyo=graphic.
Earlier studies have shown that different landscape types will induce different psychological responses through the visual perception. However, few studies discussed the relationships between landscape types and respondents' physical response. Therefore, the purposes of this study were:
1) To investigate psychological responses to different urban-rural landscapes.
2) To investigate physical responses to different uban-rural landscapes.
3) To investigate the relationships between psychological and physical response to different urban- rural landscapes.
The result of the experiment shows that the natural landscape has the highest Attention Restoration Score, followed by rural landscape, and the urban landscape has the lowest score. This result is consis=tent with the findings of Kaplan(Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1995) and Herzog (Herzog et al, 1997). The self-evaluate questionnaire was tested and proved to be a valid tool for measuring respondents' attention restoration ability.
The physical indicator, the Electromyographic (EMG), shows no statistically significant differences between different urban-rural landscapes. The relationship between psychological and physical response to different urban-rural landscapes can not pass the statistical significant test either. Personal characteristics have no influential effects both on the relationship between landscape types and psycho- logical response and the relationships between landscape types and physical response.
TRANSFORMED OF SPATIAL CONTENT OF URBAN PARK IN TAIWAN
-A CASE STUDY ON SUN YAT-SEN PARK, TAICHUNG CITY-
Jing-shoung Hou, Ling-yu Chao
This research is based on the perspective of symbol aesthetic, considering "form" as the representation of "content", and the content is the true meaning of form. This research started by discussing the different period' physical form of urban park, in order to find out the transform of spatial content in different period of Taiwan.
Since the transformed discipline of physical form in park is depending on its spatial content. After the long periods of time, the spatial content would become ambiguous and complexity. The content of form may not be suitable to the other period. It will cause the uncertain cognize to park visitor. The uncertain cognize will cause inappropriate behavior.
Research result showed the question of all parks, which was built in the Japanese occupation period is the publicity. This question will not only effect the park visitor's experience, but also effect the image of the city.
Research commends, when designer is dealing with the public space that has a very long age, he should consider the meaning of form to user. If the physical form can't connect with user's behavior, it would merely a space filler.
THE EFFECT OF PLANT COLOR ON RESPONDENTS' BENEFITS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Chun-Yen Chang
The purpose of this study is to depict the benefit of flowers colors of gardening design. The tested factors based on the theory of biofeedback that relates the rose colors to respondents' Electromyography¡]EMG¡^ and state anxiety for 105 students of National Chung Hsing University in Taiwan. The independent variable are defined as the popular natural flower colors of roses which include red, orange, champagne, white, deep red, pink red, and yellow. The dependent variable is defined as the measurement of the EMG and the value of state-anxiety. Flower colors were simulated as the computer image for keeping the testing images in a state condition during the testing period.
Two sections of rose's images were shown to the respondents after they view some relax landscape pictures. Respondents were asked to speak out their cognition of each rose color in the first viewing section. EMG values of respondents in both of the viewing sections were recorded. Biofeedback instrument was used to collect respondents' Electromyography data at each 0.1-second. State anxiety questionnaire was applied following the viewing of each rose color. Repeat measure of ANOVA was used to test the differences between different rose color for the EMG and the state-anxiety values.
The results show that respondents look at different color of flowers will have different EMG value (F=2.50, p=0.02) and different state-anxiety value (F=40.05, p-0.00). The red rose has the highest EMG value, which represents the highest stress condition, and rose with white color shows the lowest EMG value, which means the most relaxing condition. While pink rose has the highest state anxiety measure- ment means a tense condition, and white rose has the lowest state anxiety measurement represents the respondents in a peaceful condition.
A STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL FOR SCENIC BEAUTY ASSESSMENT
Ying-Hung Li, Wen-Chia Liang
The purposes of this study were to understand psychological response of people when they viewed scenery, and to propose Chinese operationalizations of four psychological variables. There were two steps in the survey procedure. First, students in Tunghai University were sampled to select ten scenic spots out of twenty-eight within Tunghai University. Second, three photos were taken for each scenic point. As a result, 30 photos were taken as stimuli for the scenic beauty survey. Then, 106 students in Providence University were asked to participate this survey. The result showed that Wen-Lei Avenue had the highest scenic beauty, and Art Center had the lowest scenic beauty . Using step-wise regression analysis, pair-wise adjectives such as novel -- uninterested, continuous -- noncontinuous, unregulared & non-ordered -- regulated & ordered were significant in predicting scenic beauty (R2=0.96, p<.01). By way of Kaplan & Kaplan's model to predict scenic beauty, coherence, legibility, and mystery were significant using step-wise regression analysis (R2=0.88, p<. 01). The Chinese operationalizations of four psychological variables were produced as well.
THE ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF LAND USE PLANNING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOCITY - THE EMPIRICAL OPERATION OF HSINCHU CITY
Shu-Jong Liau
For the impact of global environmental issues, which included green house, acid, rain forest destroyed, and so on, and the destruction of natural ecological resources and living quality, many developed countries have been advocated all govemments need to deal with and make some resolutions about the ecological crisis. The sustainable management of global natural environment and urban environment are complementary mutually, and the ecocity formed by the urban growth management should be involved in a policy and strategy as soon as possible. Environmentally based urban growth management focused on the ecological land-use planning to create an ecocity in a good living quality. It includes: (1) the optimal population from the estimated perspective of urban ecological capacity, (2) the more efficient use on regional resources, and(3) preserving the ecological resource based on the perfor- mance standard. Hsinchu city is the first one in Taiwan that tries to make a comprehensive plan through the concept of environmentally based urban growth management and uses the ecological land-use planning process to allocate the resources in space. This study discusses the growth management and land-use planning for developing forward the "ecocity". It also makes some implications for the future environmental development and land-use policy.