VOL.4, NO.2
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN RESIDENTS, SENSE OF COMMUNITY AND ATTITUDES TOWARD LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE
Jing-Shoung Hou, Nien-Chien Sung
From the perspective of environmental psychology and social psychology, this research explored the concept of attitudes which was the development process of mental and was composed of cognition, affection and conation three components. This research took urban residents' sense of community as cognitive and affective components, while residents' attitudes toward landscape management and maintenance was represented as action tendency component. The purpose of this research was to explore the relationships between urban residents' sense of community and attitudes toward landscape management and maintenance.
The results showed that residents' demographic characteristics affected their attitudes on landscape management and maintenance through residents' sense of community. In this research, sense of community was divided into three concept-groups. They were social interaction, neighborhood cognition, and affective bonds. A Likert scaling was used to measure residents' sense of community. Using factor analysis, sense of community was reduced to six factors - "affairs participation", "identity of place", "attachment to neighborhood", "social contact", "emotional support", and "environmental cognition". The attitudes of landscape management and maintenance were divided into active and passive attitudes. Through factor analysis, the variables of landscape attitudes were divided into four landscape-attitudes types -- "active participation", "environmental learning", "responsible paying", and "landscape perception". As hypothesized, through the canonical and pearson product-moment correlation analysis, the results indicated that sense of community was correlated to attitudes toward landscape management and maintenance. It also proved that sense of community will positively affect residents' attitudes toward landscape management and maintenance.
THE FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTIONS OF CHINESE GARDEN CHARACTERISTICS- A CASE STUDY OF CHIH-SHAN YUAN
Yu-Ching Chen, Yann-Jou Lin
The purposes of this study were to explore the Chinese garden characteristics and to find out the factors that affect observers feelings. At first, the characteristics of Chinese garden were evaluated by experts. The results were analyzed by factors analysis to simplify the characteristics of Chinese garden into eight characteristics. Those characteristics were used to evaluate the Chih-shan Yuan. The observers were also asked to evaluate the landscape attributes of the garden to understand the factors affecting perceptions of Chinese garden characteristics. The results are summarized as followed : The most important factor of environment related to perception of Chinese garden is "garden architecture." The others, in order of importance, are "garden path and corridor," "garden plants," "stone hill," "artificial pond and bridge," and "open gateway and openwork window." The perception of Chinese garden characteristics will be different with the personal characteristics. The perceptivity of environment characteristics of those who have aesthetic background, and who visit Chin-shan Yuan first time is better than others.
EFFECT OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE, PACLOBUTRAZOL AND ETHEPHON ON THE GROWTH SUPPRESSION OF BAHIAGRASS AT THE SLPOE OF FREEWAY
Chao-Jung Lai, Yu-Sen Chang
The effects of three plant growth regulators (PGR), namely maleic hydrazide (MH) (1, 2-dihydro-3, 6-pyridazinedione), paclobutrazol (PP333) ((2RS,3RS)- 1-(4-chloropheny1)-4, 4-(dimethyl-2-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl-) pentan-3-ol), and ethephon( (2-chloroethy 1) phosphonic acid)on the growth of bahiagrass(Paspalum notatum)turf at the slope of Chung-Li section, Chung-Shan Freeway were studied. The plants sprayed with MH(1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 kgㆍ ha-1) had better growth suppression than those with. paclobutrazol or ethephon, but also had lower turf quality index and turf coverage as the application rate was increased. The plants sprayed with paclobutrazol(1.6, 3.2, and 4,8 kgㆍha-1) had higher turf quality and turf coverage. The effect of paciobutrazol at all application rates on growth suppression could persist 6-8 weeks after treatment. Ethep- hon had little effects on growth supperssion, and contrastly promoted the growth of bahiagrass. In all chemical treatments, only MH at 6.0 kg*ha-1 treatment injured bahiagrass severely, the others could recover from chemical injury within 2 to 4 weeks after treatment. It is suggested that the paclobutrazol at 3.2 kg* ha-1 is the suitable PGR treatment for bahiagrass.
INFLUENCES ON EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES OF LUMINAIRE HEIGHT AND ILLUMINANCE ON THE PARK TRAILS
Pin-Yuan Wang, Yann-Jou Lin
The purpose of this study was to explore the influences on emotional expe- riences of luminaire height and illuminance on the park trails. Two kinds of trail width, luminaire height, as well as illuminance had been examined as the affecting factors. The outcomes of computerized simulation experiment were eight slides, and were applied for students' questionnaire. The results indicated that different width of park trails under consistent lighting condition led to distinct emotional responses, especially on terror- gloomy, exhilarating-joyful, and serene-pieasant. Various illuminating situations such as luminaire height and illuminance have significant differences on ail four founded emotional experiences, including terror-gloomy, exhilarating-joyful, serene-pleasant and monotonous-hundrum.
THE STATISTICAL TESTING OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL FOR SCENIC BEAUTY ASSESSMENT
Ying-Hung Li, William Hammitt
Psychophysical and psychological mocels are the two most frequently used methods in the filed of scenic beauty evaluation research. The environmentel preference matrix proposed by Kapian & Kaplan is the representative of psychological model. This mocel presents four factors: coherence, legibility, complexity, and mystery. Researcher used to adopted these four factors to predict scenic beauty. But, no one has ever consid- ered the suitability of the environmental preference matrix. The purpase of this paper is to test the suitability of this model by ways of difference statistical analysis procedures. Using multiple regression analysis, the results find that both coherence and mystery are significant and positive in predicting scenic beauty. Furthermore, using structural equa- tion modeling based on expert evaluations, the suitability of this model is confirmed. Also, the explorative domain is more important than understanding domain in explaining the variance of scenic beauty.
THE EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE TO PAVING ON SIDEWALK IN URBAN AREA
Bi-Jiun Chen, Der-Lin Ling, Hsiao-Lin Wang
The purpose of this study was to explore the emotional experience to different attributes of the paving on sidewalk and the relationship between their preference and emotional experience. This research tried to use four materials of paving and two types of colors as treatments. The respondents filled out questionnaire according to simulation photography. Statistic methods such as T-test, MANOVA and correlation analysis were used to investigate the influence of paving's attributes to emotional experience. The results were summarized as follow: 1.Different materials and colors of paving have influences on emotional experience. 2.Respondents that have different preference toward materials and colors of paving have different emotional experience. Among the respondents preference and emotional experience possess the positive effect.
VOL.4, NO.1
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANDSCAPE PERCEPTION AND VISUAL QUALITY
Hui-Mei Chen, Yann-Jou Lin
The public perceptions of landscape aesthetics have been considered in environmental management. Many researchers have devoted themselves to looking for criteria on which people make judgments about the visual quality. This study tried to combine psychophysical and cognitive models to assess the visual quality of neighborhood parks.
The evaluation procedures contained two parts. First, participants rated each photograph to indicate its visual quality. At the same time, the areas of eight kinds of landscape elements in the photographs were estimated. Second, participants assessed six cognitive attributes of comfort, openness, nature, complexity, utility, and neatness for each photograph.
The results suggest that observers' judgments on the visual quality were affected by the feelings of comfort, openness, complexity, and neatness. There is a relationship between the visual quality and the areas of five elements, including shrub, paving, turf, structures, and bare ground.
A STUDY ON THE IMAGE OF SCENIC ROAD ---HSIN-CHUNG-HENG SCENIC ROAD OF YU-SHAN NATIONAL PARK AS CASE STUDY
Hsiao-Lin Wang, Ching-I Wu
Image is the common environmental impression selected by the public. The observer oriented evaluating method can be applied to image evaluation, but there should be same specific variables for applying the method, the establishment of the land type and the image attributes can provide the variables. the image evaluation by the abservers can make up the disadvantages of the low feasibility. The purposes of this research are (1) to understand the relationship between the observers and the environment by evaluating the image of Scenic Road on the basis of perception theary of observer-landscape-
interaction, (2) to find out the variables of the environmental description and the observer's preference in the aspect of cognitive paradigm, and (3) to set up the image evaluation method of Scenic Road. By using the questionnaires, the images of scenic road can be classified into ten land types-towns, constructions, scenic recreational areas, scenic grcenways, special landmarks, sub-woodlands, woodainds, farmlands, mountains and rocks based on the conditions of land uses and land covers. By analysing the importance and relative weight of images attributes of scenic road in each land type, such as legibility, coherence, naturalness, complexity, mystery, and succes ssion via expert questionnaire and Pair-Wise Comparison method, it was realised that the image evaluation process of Scenic Road is affected by the interactions of various variables. Both the environmental characteristics and the observer's preference should be considered to set up the image evaluation method. In this study, an empirical research was carried out to evaluate Hsin-Chung-Heng Sceric Road of Yu-Shan National Park, the imnage evaluation nethod established in the research was examined through reliability, validity, generaliz-ability, and utility. The conclusion of this study provides a basis for evaluating and improving the image of sceric road.
THE STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING FOREST SCENIC BEAUTY
Ying-Hung Li, Thereas Herrick
The purposes of this study were to understand the influence of forest physical features on scenic beauty, to discover the various scenic beauty values on different forest cutting practices, and to relate the importance of seasonal variations on scenic beauty. Based on the psychophysical method of landscape preference, the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) procedure was employed. Undergraduate students at Clemson University served as subjects in this study.Using two-way ANOVA, the analysis results showed that the unmanaged forest setting (control practice) was the most preferred situation, and clearcut practice received the least scenic beauty value. In terms of seasonal variation, the forest landscape in the summer season had the highest scenic beauty rating, and the winter season received the lowest scenic beauty rating.Using multiple regression analysis, the tree trunk was the most significant and positive variable in predicting scenic beauty.
RESIDENTS' ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES TO REFUSE INCINERATION PLANT ---A CASE STUDY ON THE TAICHUNG REFUSE INCINERATION PLANT
Jing-Shoung Hou, Hung-Ming Chang
To build jarge municipal refuse incineration plants is one of the major national environmental policies to solve the deteriorating waste disposal situation. However, the decision-maker has been putting too much emphasis on the technical and economic factors to integrate landscape into their planning. In addition, the general public are becoming increasingly conscious of their invested right to a better living environment. The growing landscape problems caused by such noxious facilities as incineration plants constructed across the island are now cropping up with the passage of time. These in turn are eliciting chorus protests from residents living within the immediate influence of the islandwide incineration plants. This research is an attempt, based on a case study on Taichung Incineration Plant, on the basis of their different character, backgrounds, and environmental attitudes, into what brings about the differences in those affected residents' attitudes( in Wen-san-li, Tsun-sa-li, Tsun-an-li neighborhoods). This research has shown that the polled residents basically share a consistent positive attitude toward the current waste disposal problems, the refuse incineration policies , and the functions of the incineration plants, yet there exists conspicuous divergence in the attitude of the three investigated neighborhoods toward the installation of incineration plants near their living quarters( polling questions on landscape, local customs, life quality, and so on).
A STUDY ON THE TOLERANCE OF AIR POLLUTION IN SEVERAL TAIWAN'S WILDFLOWERS
Wei-Ching Yu, Yu-Sen Chang
The groundcovers have many functions inclusive of increasing the sense of beauty in the landscape, protecting the surface soil, regulating the microclimate, reduc- ing the air pollutants, etc.. At present, the species of groundcovers applied in the land- scape are fairly few, and the level of planting techniques is not satisfiled in Taiwan. Therefore, increaseing the numbers of groundcovers should be one of the most important topics in the landscspe. Wildflowers are native or have adapted to local environment. So using a wildflower as a groundcover in landscape is very possible. Because the air poliu- tion stress is often occured in urban area, the objects of this experiment were to evaluate the tolerance of air pollution of wildflowers in Taiwan. The air pollutants were measured in a day and showed that the content of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3)and dust in traffic zone were significantly higher than those in control zone, whereas the contents of sulfur dioxides (SO2) were no difference between those two zones. The peak contents in a day were often occured at 8.00-10.00 am and 4.00-6.00 pm in SOz, CO, NOz and dust; but only occurred at midday in O3 The tested plants were put in traffic zone and control zone, the result showed the relative ranking of pollution tolerance in several wildflowers in Taiwan was bidens, dicliptera, wedelia, calyptocarpus, emilia and ageratum. Nine groundcovers were fumigated with ozone 100ppb for 4 hours.
After two days, the begonia had strictly water logging necrosis in unfolded leaves. The bidens had white spotting in mature leaves. The wedelia had purple flecks in some old leaves. The ageratum had white spotting in some leaves. There were not any symptom in dicliptera, alternathera, emilia and calyptocarpus. Beside gaseous pollutants, particulates also influence plant performance in urban area. It was proved that dust could severely reduced photosynthesis rate of roadside phothos.
FROM THE LANDSCAPE PHILOSOPHY OF CHUANG-TSU TO A PHILOSOPHY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
William Ng OFM
The philosophy of Chuang-tsu, unfolded in parables, centres around the way of nature.' From his many stories about the human person in and with the natural landscape, one can discern a philosophy regarding the landscape. By an in-depth analysis of the natural themes in his fables, this paper attempts to reflect on the philosophical aspects of landscape architecture: its meaning, its way and the spirit of the landscape architect.
Exploring the meaning of landscape architecture points out the relationship between the human and the natural world. Chuang-tsu questions the dialectic of the natural and the unnatural, the useful and the useless, and about the symbolic meaning of the environment. The meaning of landscape architecture, which one can extrapolate from his philosophy, is based on the intrinsic value of life manifested in the natural system. The way of landscape architecture refers to the process followed in design and the 'Tao' expressed by the design. The natural themes in Chuang-tsu's stories reveal his awe for the landscape. Such is the foundation for an ecological approach to interacting with the landscape.
The 'Tao' of the design process relates to how the 'noble' designers express themselves in the artistic creation. Chuang-tsu's way of enlightenment is analogical to the develop- ment of a design solution. The principle of relativity is also discerned in the natural environment.
Finally, Chuang-tsu's zeal towards the landscape can shed light on how to build up the personal integrity of a landscape architect. One can be encouraged by the green heart of Chuang-tsu to grow in personal virtues and self understanding of the mission of a landscape architect. Thus, one may conceive an ideal landscape architect who is a steward of the natural world and shows a saintly personality, always seeking harmony with nature and friendliness with the Creator. Such a spirit is crucial to both the manifestation of the meaning and the way of landscape architecture.