VOL.23, NO.4
EVIDENCE BASED DESIGN: ADOPTING CONTENT ANALYSIS TO ESTABLISHING ECOLOGICAL DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR URBAN BIRD HABITAT
Chia-He Chiu, Hui-Mei Chen
This paper adopted a content analysis to systemically analyze academic articles, and to integrate an evidence based guidelines of urban ecological design for bird habitats. Three representative academic databases, comprising Web of Science core collection, EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete, and Airiti Library, were selected as data sources. Using the keyword search of “urban bird”, a total of 636 papers were generated from these three databases. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant articles, 115 valid articles were analyzed. The result show that five themes including green space planning, habitat design, vegetation design, water body design, and facility design were inducted. Sixteen sub-themes containing location, were generalized, connection, area, buffer area, habitat diversity, green coverage, vegetation selection, vegetation plan configuration, vegetation vertical structure, plant management, water body area, water level, water shore design, artificial paving, light design, and artificial nest box. Various design guidelines regarding to these sub theme were proposed, and which were related to birds behaviors of foraging, nesting, and reproduction.
WOULD SCHOOL GARDENING ACTIVITIES IMPROVE CHILDREN’S VEGETABLE PREFERENCES AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY?
Yu-Hsiu Huang, Hsin-Tien Liao, Yu-Ting Shen, Li Shen
Several previous studies indicated that horticultural activities in the schoolyard can not only improve the vegetable intake of elementary school students, but also increase their physical activities. Taiwanese elementary school students generally have the issues of picky eaters and insufficient physical activities. The purpose of this study is to understand whether the introduction of horticultural activities to schoolyard can improve vegetable preference and physical activity of students. A total of 44 students from 3rd and 4th grade of elementary school (divided into the planting group and the food education group) joined this study from September to December 2019. The survey tools were divided into two parts. Firstly, the dietary preference survey utilized the vegetable preference questionnaire, the nutrition knowledge questionnaire and interviews. Secondly, for the physical activity study, the measurement by smart watch and observation methods were applied. The results showed that both groups had improvement on vegetable preferences and the post-test scores of the planting group were higher than those of the food education group. Based on the heart rate results, horticultural activities can only provide 1.68% of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in students which is not consistent with the past studies. However, it still can assist to reduce the sedentary time of children in school.
THE INFLUENCE OF RURAL REJUVENATION INVOLVEMENT ON RURAL COMMUNITY’S QUALITY OF LIFE
Yu-Chuan Chang, Bau-Show Lin
This study explored the influence of rural rejuvenation involvement on rural community’s quality of life. Rural rejuvenation involvement included rural communities participating in rural regeneration programs, manpower training programs, and rural communities without participating in rural regeneration programs. Applying stratified random sampling, this study selected 15 rural communities in the north and randomly interviewed 30 residents of each rural community. A total of 450 questionnaires were derived. The results of One-way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in subjective quality of life such as personal social assessment, community life experience, personal economic evaluation, residents' ecological consciousness, and community ecological environment in different involvement of rural regeneration participation. Pearson correlation analysis results showed that the six aspects of quality of life had a significant positive correlation with the level of community attention. Further, the results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that rural rejuvenation involvement and the level of community attention significantly affected the community life experience, personal economic evaluation, and residents' ecological consciousness. It showed that the residents have obtained the achievement of rural rejuvenation plan in rural environment improvement and ecological protection and training. However, the plan should pay more attention to industry facilities as well as marketing assistance.
VOL.23, NO.3
RESEARCH TREND IN HEALTH BENEFITS OF NATURAL LANDSCAPE
Chia-Ching Wu, Chun-Yen Chang
Natural landscape and health are important research issues, recently, research outcomes have not only been applied to practical landscape design field, but also been used as prescriptions to suggest patients to enhance the contact to nature. In modern society, people suffer from huge stress from life and work, and people started to seek for peace and calmness from nature through the activities such as horticultural activities and meditation in horticultural therapies and forest therapies. These therapies based on similar theories, for example, biophilia hypothesis, attention restoration theory, and stress reduction theory. There are several categories of health benefits, including psychological aspect, physiological aspect, and social well-being. This article focused on the research trend about psychological and physiological health effects, including theories and indicators for different health benefits. The psychological indicators such as attention restoration, stress, emotion and preference, and the physiological health indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure, electromyography, electroencephalogram, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), have frequently been discussed. The last session, this article interpreted the connection of research outcome and modern techniques in future application, such as wearable device, big data…, which could increase the accessibility to nature, help human experiencing the nature deeply and attain health beneficial effects as feedbacks.
A STUDY ON THE SPACE PATTERN OF URBAN PARK IN TAIWAN FOR IMPROVING HEAT ISLAND EFFECT –– A CASE STUDY IN THE PARKS OF CHIAYI CITY
Jou-Man Huang, Song-Lian Hong
The urban heat island effect is a serious environmental problem in current cities. Recently, there has been many researches proved urban parks have the “urban cold island effect”(UCI), but there are also a few researches indicated that it may not have cooling effects due to different green space types. In this study, the field survey and image processing were used to analyze the internal land-cover type, arrangements in park and land-use type surrounding parks in Chiayi City. To analyze how various typical space pattern of park effect thermal environment, the CFD was used for numerical simulation.
In the space pattern analysis results in parks of Chiayi City：The parks are mostly quadrilaterals, the woodland spaces are mostly arranged in rim or deflection, and buildings and water bodies are few. The land-use type surrounding parks are mostly residential or business districts. In numerical simulation results of thermal environments in various typical parks: (1) The cooling effect in woodland of parks is obvious than in grassland due to trees canopy cover and evapotranspiration. Moreover, the woodland arranged in rim had more cooling effect compared to the dispersal woodlands. (2) The activity space (such as a square) arrangements replaced in downwind direction have more effects on the thermal environment than in non downwind direction. (3)The thermal comfort levels of all schemes at 2:00 PM were all above the warmth and only in the woodland the values were belong to comfort level. After 5:00 PM, the overall thermal comfort levels of all schemes began to belong to comfort level. In the evaluation results of improvement plan：The strategies of arranging woodland at downwind of pavements, replacing the parking area by grassland or woodland, and replacing squares by water bodies all had obvious improvement effects on the existing park thermal environment.
INFLUENCE OF HUMOR LANDSCAPES ON EMOTION, STRESS, AND PREFERENCE
Meng-Xue Wang, Chia-Ching Wu, Chun-Yen Chang
Among physiological health, psychological health and environments, there are strong association with each other; besides, natural landscapes have been proved providing positive impacts on health with enormous studies. Furthermore, modern landscape design applies creative and interactive ideas in both design concepts and practical works compare to traditional natural landscapes. This research defined landscapes with these creative, interesting and noticeable themes as humor landscapes. This research asked could humor landscapes provide positive health benefits as natural landscapes do? The main purpose of this research is to explore the influence of humor landscapes on mental health. First examined the emotional experience of humor landscapes and further examined the influence of the emotional experience on stress and landscape preference. This research included three parts, in the first part, cases of humor landscape were collected and 35 cases were selected for emotional evaluation. In the second part, the reactions on adjectives of the emotional experiences were gathered after watching images of humor landscapes. The emotional adjectives were used as items in the final survey testing on stress. On the other hand, 15 cases of humor landscapes out of 35 cases were selected for the final survey, which gave similar perceptions on emotional experiences. In the third part, the final survey about how humor landscapes influence emotion, stress and landscape preference, the survey was complete with online questionnaire.
VOL.23, NO.2
FROM OBSERVATION SURVEY COMBINING WITH THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR AND AFFORDANCE THEORY TO ESTABLISH THE INTERACTION BEHAVIOR MODEL OF PUBLIC ARTWORKS
Chang-Jen Kuo
The urban environmental space has been changing and developing following the advancement of times, thereby prompting the common installation of public artworks everywhere in the living environment. Most domestic researches on public art are concerned with people’s cognition, acceptance extent and actual interactive behaviors on public artworks, but only a few relevant studies have been done on affordance theory, interactive behavioral intentions and other factors on public artworks. In recent years, the use of planned behavior theory has been widely used to explore and explain human behaviors, but it does not have relevant empirical study on interactive behaviors on public artworks. Although the technology acceptance model is used to explain the technological products, whether or not it can be generally implied in public artworks is worth further exploration. In this study, the interactive relationships between users and public artworks were deduced through the exploration of planned behavior theory, technology acceptance model, and affordance theory to construct an interactive behavior model on public artworks. So, Southern Taiwan Science Park in Tainan City was chosen as an empirical research base on the research scope, and user interactive behaviors on public artworks were selected as the participants. A purposive sampling method was adopted for the study, and 255 valid copies of questionnaires were collected. Based on the analytical results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), conclusions made from the integrated model constructed in this study are shown as follows, (1) The perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have a significant positive impact on public art attitudes. (2) The public art attitudes have a significant positive impact on interactive behavioral intentions. However, the empirical research results can be used as a reference basis for relevant personnel while installing, conducting management maintenance and design planning of public artworks in the future.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SPATIAL CONFIGURATION AND UNSAFE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ON CAMPUS
Shu-Chen Chang, Shiao-Ping Ho
The characteristics of university campuses generally include a large area, a variety of spatial patterns and open spaces, and therefore the insecurity of campus space has also increased. Understanding the distribution and characteristics of unsafe spaces on campus will help schools improve insecure spaces and develop preventive strategies. This study analyzes the spatial configuration of campus space by convex maps, axial maps, and visibility graphs of space syntax analysis (SSA), and explores the relationship between spatial configuration and spatial distribution of unsafe, heard-victimized, and activity space. In addition to analyzing the differences in physiological gender perception of unsafe space, this study will further explore whether psychological gender affects unsafe spatial cognition. Our research takes a university of science and technology in central Taiwan as an empirical base to obtain 353 valid samples of student questionnaires. The results show that: (1) Among 3 types of Space Syntax, convex maps have high correlation and detectivity for the campus insecure spatial distribution, and this may be related to the similar spatial decomposition the campus spatial distribution and convex maps have. (2) The heard-victimized location is closely related to the activity intensity. Campus conflict incidents occur in the convenient location, good traffic flow and open visual fields. (3) Although the identification of unsafe space is a kind of psychological cognition, it is still not possible to neglect the potential danger existing in insecure space. (4) Physiological gender has a greater impact on spatial cognition of insecure campus, while psychological gender has no significant influence.
NIGHT MARKETS IN TAIWAN: CROWDING PERCEPTION, DESTINATION IMAGE, EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES, SATISFACTION, AND REVISITING WILLINGNESS
Wei-Ru Chen, Jing-Shoung Hou, Po- Ju Chang
Although night markets represent Taiwanese local culture, they lead to critical environmental issues, such as the negative feelings of people and traffic congestion. This study investigated the associations among crowding perception, destination image, emotional experience, satisfaction, and revisiting intentions in visitors and local residents regarding night markets. This study recruited 619 participants from two metropolitan night markets in Southern Taiwan. Structural equation modeling and multiple group analysis results indicated that crowding perception had a significantly positive effect on destination image among visitors but a negative effect on that among locals. In particular, the residents reported a poorer crowding perception than did the visitors. These findings revealed the effects of crowding perception on the destination image of night markets among visitors and residents. Potential strategies to reduce the negative effects of night markets and maximize their leisure value are discussed.
VOL.23, NO.1
MOTIVATION, CONSTRAINT AND FITNESS EFFECT OF USING OUTDOOR FITNESS EQUIPMENT IN ELDERLY: A COMPARISON BETWEEN USERS AND NONUSERS
Chi-Sheng Li, Hui-Mei Chen
This research focused on the usage of outdoor fitness equipment in parks by the elderly, and the purposes were to explore the users' motivations for using outdoor fitness equipment and nonusers' deterrents, to examine the exercise intensity of using outdoor fitness equipment, to understand users' perceived benefits of using outdoor fitness equipment, and to compare the difference in physical fitness performance between users and nonusers of outdoor fitness equipment through practical tests. A group of sixty senior park users (> 65 years old), comprising thirty outdoor fitness equipment users and thirty nonusers, was recruited as participants. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to interview the subjects and to test their physical fitness. The results showed that the motivations of using outdoor fitness equipment were primarily based on personal push factors regarding the pursuit of health, and secondarily relied on facility pull factors of safety and accessibility. The major deterrents for outdoor fitness equipment nonusers were personal factors of preferring other exercises; and few addressed facility factors, such as crowded facilities or safety concerns. The users chose varied pieces of outdoor fitness equipment to work out different parts of the body; however, it achieved only light physical activity. Most of the users approved of the benefits of improving physical fitness and pain relief. There were no significant differences between outdoor fitness equipment users and nonusers in all seven physical fitness performances. This could be because there is no fitness effect from light physical activity, the equivalent fitness effect can be found between using outdoor fitness equipment and engaging in other light exercises, or the limitations of the small sample size and the difficulty of controlling confounding factors; therefore, these remain as tasks for future research.
INFLUENCE OF ATTENTION AND STRESS ON NATURAL AND GEOMETRIC STYLE GARDENS
Yen-Cheng Chiang, Yu-Ting Chang
People prefer natural landscapes rather than urban or man-made landscapes, because the former features positive psychological effects and restores health. Garden-styled related studies have revealed that compared with dry landscape gardens, geometric gardens, which primarily contain green plants, evoke positive emotions. However, in-depth studies on artificially pruned geometric gardens have rarely been conducted. Therefore, this study purpose is investigated whether people prefer artificially pruned gardens or natural gardens. English and French
styled gardens were viewed as natural and geometric gardens, respectively. Each garden group contained 60 participants for a total of 120 participants. Each participant was asked to view garden photos and measure their physiological (attention and relaxation) and psychological (state anxiety) responses. The results showed that concerning physiology, both styled gardens significantly changed the participants' attention; however, no significant changes in relaxation. In psychology, both styled gardens significantly reduced the participants' stress. The results of this study offer an insight into people's responses to natural and artificially made natural environments and may be referred to when planning and designing parks or gardens in the future.
THE INFLUENCES OF NOSTALGIA PRONENESS AND NEUROTICISM PERSONALITY ON PLACE BONDING
Xing-Wen Wang, Ting-Hsuan Wang, Chia-Kuen Cheng
Place bonding is a special emotional link between people and place. Many scholars suggested such bonding could have positive influences on people, such as improving the quality of life, or protecting environment. Therefore, place bonding has been considered as an important indicator for environment management; and the related concept. Nostalgia is individuals' desire for emotion generated in the past, which is compared with place bonding frequently. Studies have shown that place bonding and nostalgia might be positively correlated, however, the exact relationship is still not clear.
Place bonding means the specific emotion between people and place. Many literatures have suggested that emotion would affect people in great way, like improving the quality of life and increasing social assets. Place bonding also is an important indicator of environmental planning management. Nostalgia is an affection about desiring past environment, and it also has relationship with place bonding. Existing researched improved that the personal traits would influence the forming of emotional loyalty toward places or objects. Similarly, the forming of nostalgic emotion would be influenced by ones' nostalgia proneness, as an individual trait is often to use to discuss the influence factor of personality traits. However, the relationship between place bonding and nostalgia proneness is rarely being discussed. It is the focus of this study to understand the aforementioned relationships by personality.
Using the neuroticism of Big Five personality traits, the study explored the relationships between place bonding and nostalgia proneness. People with high nostalgia proneness tend to be emotionally instable and longing for belongingness. Besides, place bonding has been considered to be an important source of sense of belonging. Therefore, this study hypothesized that people with higher nostalgia proneness people would tend to develop stronger emotional to place.
The results confirm that nostalgia proneness is positively correlated with ones' emotional place bonding. The results of this study may contribute to the basic theories about place bonding and nostalgia proneness. Besides, the results may also help landscape planners, designers and managers to understand the potential demand of different users.