VOL.20, NO.4
THE CHANGING OF PADDY FIELD AND IT IMPACT ON THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION -- TAICHUNG CITY AS AN EXAMPLE: 1898-2001
Chien-hung Tung, Kang-Ting Tsai
This study focuses on the Taichung City in 1898-2001 affected the distribution between paddy degree of urbanization, understand that a critical period in the paddy fields by the degree of urbanization began to decline, the study at the Academia Sinica in Taiwan using the centuriesold map data analysis, from 1898-2001 paddy distribution case, by changes in the area of paddy geographic information system (GIS) intussusception, paddy fields by analyzing what the impact of urbanization and the reduction of the parties and with the city's decision-making or policy development than and then identify the key factors of time and degree of urbanization.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THERMAL REDUCTION EFFECT OF SUCCULENTS AND LOW MAINTENANCE CHARACTERISTICS ON ROOFTOP
THIN LAYERS
Chang Chin-Yu, Chin-Hsing Wei
Many countries have recently begun promoting rooftop greenification to reduce the urban heat island effect and combat global warming through energy conservation and carbon reduction. Low maintenance plants which can withstand the harsh environments on rooftops are suitable for the cultivation of a thin layer of greenery on rooftops which can reduce temperatures and ease the promotion of rooftop greenification. Therefore, this study selected ten varieties of drought-resistant succulents to investigate their low maintenance characteristics and their benefits of thermal reduction. Experiments were conducted on a flat roof within the Taichung Tunghai University campus. Results verified the low maintenance characteristics of each succulent as well as their ability to reduce rooftop temperatures. Plants characteristics with a high green coverage ratio, dense branches and leaves, short gaps between branches, and small intervals between leaves which are near to the ground significantly reduce temperatures and were the standard criteria for selection of plants in this study.
INFLUENCES OF FLOWER SCENT ON RESPONDENTS' PHYSIOPSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES: AN EXAMPLE OF GARDENIA
Kai-Luen Chang, Shen-Yu Hu, Sheng-Jung Ou
The purpose of this study is to discuss the physiopsychological responses generated from the flower scent. The research included not only the influence of flower scent to emotion and physiology, but also discussed if there are significant differences of physiopsychological responses between the olfactory single sensory stimuli and the olfactory-visual dual sensory stimuli. The study chose the Gardenia as the study material. Through using ProComp Infiniti^(TM) the physiological measurement equipment, electromyography (EMG), blood volume pulse (BVP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. On the other hand, three basic emotional states- pleasure, arousal and dominance were included in the questionnaire. Comparing the data, the results showed that most of the relationships between the physiological responses and the psychological responses are not significant. However, the significant relationships exited in the heart rate and the arousal dimension. Moreover, most of the physiological scores and the psychological scores were higher in the double stimuli. These evidences proved that when the visual stimulus was introduced, the level of the emotional response would be elevated.
INFLUENCE OF COMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON THE WELL-BEING OF RESIDENTS IN RURAL AREAS
Shuo-Wen Tseng, Ying-Lin Lee, Yen-Cheng Chiang
In recent years, urbanization and rapid economic growth have led to emigration and aging of the rural populations. Living environment and agricultural productivity have become important issues in the development of rural areas. Accordingly, to facilitate the revitalization of rural areas and to enhance the development of these regions, the government has initiated the Rural Revitalization Act. However, despite policy support and government assistance and guidance, not all rural communities have actively participated in this project, and some have even been forced to take participation. With a high proportion of older residents, Chiayi County represents an aged society. Consequently, how to enhance life satisfaction and healthy aging in an aged society by encouraging community participation of older people is critical. This study examines the influence of community participant motivation and the degree of participation on well-being, and investigates the influence of different socioeconomic backgrounds on participation. 600 questionnaire surveys were distributed throughout Chiayi County and 496 valid samples were retrieved. The results indicated that the variables of interpersonal motivation and the variables of involvement, control, and dedication relating to the degree of participation significantly influenced life satisfaction. These results suggest that a higher degree of community participation leads to greater life satisfaction. Furthermore, men have differences in learning and advanced study, involvement, and control. These research results can provide a reference for government agencies in promptly examining the effectiveness of policy implementation, offering not only an understanding of community participation among rural residents but also reflecting life satisfaction and health benefits of community participation.
VOL.20, NO.3
APPLICATION OF EYE TRACKING FOR VISUAL ASSESSMENT
Chih-Chieh Wang, Yann-Jou Lin
In earlier studies, visual assessment rely on professional judgments. It may be too subjective and can't reflect public's opinions. This study uses color difference formula suggested by International Commission on Illumination to measure contrast between building and its background. The eye tracker is used to record fixation counts in area of interest and respondents were requested to answer questions about their perceived obviousness and preference. This study examines the relationships among fixation counts, obviousness and preference, and analyses the relationship between color contrast and the obviousness perceived. Result shows the higher fixation counts, the higher obviousness is perceived. The higher color contrast, the higher obviousness is perceived and the higher fixation counts.
THE INFLUENCE OF SENSE OF COMMUNITY ON RESIDENTS’ COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT BEHAVIOR –A CASE STUDY OF RURAL COMMUNITY IN TAIWAN
Chang Jen Kuo
Based on an efficient society and the budget of government downsizing, promoting community residents to actively participate in environmental improvement actions would help the community environment management to be more sustainable and indirectly leading the local development. Concerning community environment, and sense of community might be correlated with the community residents’ community empowerment behavior. The purpose of between sense of community and community participation behavior. The findings provided significantly impacted community participation behavior; and in the factors of sense of community that impacted community participation behavior in rural revitalization project, most important is social bonds, second is place attachment, third is government.
EXPLORING THE DIFFERENT PLAY BEHAVIOR BETWEEN CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS BASED ON AFFORDANCE THEORY—THE CASE STUDY IN EXTREME SPORTS AREA OF YILAN SECOND CULTURAL CENTER
Chien-Yau Lin, Pie-Zehn Wu, Yu-Hsiu Huang
Outdoor recreation space in Taiwan usually causes several conflicts between different kind’s activities due to the different users that have different genders and ages. This research aimed to explore the different play behavior between children and teenager based on affordance theory. The research chooses Extreme sports area of Yilan Second Cultural Center as a site. A total of 236 users, 1-18 years old, was been observation between October to December, 2013. The records including physical properties of environment, background of users, and their social interaction and activities. The results found that age is a major effect factor in the behavior of either social interaction or activities. These differences appeared in the running, skating, climbing, enjoying the scenery, sitting and resting, and sliding. The other result indicated that surface has the most diverse activities.
A STUDY OF SENIOR CITIZENS’ LEISURE ACTIVITIES AFFORDANCE OF NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS
Su-Hsin Lee, Shu-Chen Chang, Jing-Shoung Hou, Jhih-hong Hu
Neighborhood parks are the places where the elderly visit most often for outdoor activities because leisure activities can help old people adapt to their life better after retirement. However, the layouts of neighborhood parks are not designed only for the elderly, and therefore, the different layouts and facilities influence the elderly usage. Affordance theory provides a practical method to examine and preview the relation between the physical characteristics of the environment and the user behavior in order to understand the elderly behaviors and needs regarding the uses of neighborhood parks, and deal with the leisure space management of the aging society of Taiwan. This study explored the corresponding relationship between the affordance cognition of the elder users and their leisure activities through the theory of affordance. Our investigation included a total of 372 elderly people, and the results show: (1) The gender and health condition of the elderly affect the leisure activity affordance. The male have higher hobby activity cognition, whereas the female have higher learning activity cognition. Also, the healthier perceive more leisure activity affordance. (2) The visit frequency and the activity participation of the elderly affect leisure activity affordance. The regular visitors can detect more affordance in the environment. Moreover, people who undertake more social, leisure, and bobby activities have higher affordance on related leisure activities. (3) The leisure activity affordances in different types of places are significantly diverse. The environmental physical attributes for each place have reasonable relationship with perceived affordance leisure City Parks through the theory of affordance. We also provide recommendations for park designs to strengthen the affordance of leisure activity and meet the user behavior for the elderly.
VOL.20, NO.2
POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION OF PUBLIC ART USING THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF PUBLIC INFORMATION AS AN EXAMPLE
Yung-Tang Shen, Jhih-Hao Wei
Public art not only represents local Spirit of Place, but also triggers benefits of local economy. After the upgrading of living quality, demand for the surrounding has been changed from original functional development to appreciation of space art and review of Spirit of Place and meaning of the space. Using public art installation project of new construction of the National Library of Public Information as an example, by the permanent and temporary installation works in the Joy Reading Public Art Festival, this study attempts to probe into the post-occupancy evaluation of the works and review the relationship among public art, place and users. According to the research findings, users positively view overall public art installation, which matches the needs of local residents. Visual and participant public art works are particularly favored by users. Based on characteristics of two types of public art, selection of materials, presentation of color and functions of works are coordinated with internal and external environments of the National Library of Public Information. The works are planned for more complete interpretation and presentation. As to the type of concept, the public have difficulty comprehending the meanings of works which do not totally match the surrounding and cannot interpret the complete design concepts. Thus, among four types of public Art, it is less popular with the users. Finally, this study suggests that when selecting the creation materials for complete public art works, it must fully matches the surrounding and have proper plans in order to thoroughly interpret the ideas of the works, enhances the public's identification with the place and constructs the benchmark of Spirit of Place.
THE EFFECT OF SCENIC AREA ENVIRONMENTAL COLOR COMPOSITION AND HARMONY ON LANDSCAPE PREFERENCE
Wei-Chun Hsu, Yann-Jou Lin
The study is mainly aimed at finding the relationship between colors and preference. Previous studies indicated that preference is not only influenced by color attributes, but also affected by color harmony. Our study collected 200 photos and evaluated the color harmony and landscape preference through slide shows and questionnaires. The results showed that there was difference between color attributes, color harmony and landscape preference when the scene was contributed by more green, blue and yellow, people would prefer the scene more. Color harmony had an even stronger correlation with landscape preference. Under the stimulation of a natural landscape, color harmony has a high positive relationship with preference. In addition, the study uses the concept of color diversity to discuss the possibility of the quantification of color harmony. The result showed that the smaller the color diversity of L, a, and b, the higher tendency of having a color harmonious landscape.
EFFECTS OF SUNLIGHT ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF THIN GREEN ROOF PLANT
Chin-Yu Chang, Gwo-Yan Chen
Low ground cover plants are suitable for thin green roof applications. Ground covers with flowers can even improve landscape aesthetics. This study discussed the effect of different light environments (sunlight exposure of 100%, 70% and 40%) on blossom of eight ground covers. The experimental site was located on the floor roof. The test items included: green coverage rate, plant height, and flower percentage. The research period was 1 year. The results showed that Cuphea hyssopifolia & Euphorbia milii had better flower percentage and bloomed all year round, and they are ideal ornamental ground covers. But Euphorbia milii was slowly growing, after a year was not covered all. The plant height of Arachis duranensis & Acalypha pendula are low, about 10cm. The results can serve as reference in selection of ornamental ground covers in different sunlight environments.
THE INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE DEPTH ON SBSTRATE TEMPERTURE FROM EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF
Chih-Fang Fan
The extensive green roofs usually use thick substrate to reduce the weight load of building. However, the thick substrate causes height temperature stress in substrate. It results in the temperature stress of plant. The purpose of this study is to discuss how the substrate depth influent on substrate temperature on extensive green roof. The flowerpots are used to simulate the extensive green roof. Three substrate depth (5, 10 and 15 cm) are regard as treatment of this study. The temperature is measured by the thermocouple. It reveals that on daytime, the substrate temperature of 15 cm is significant lower than that of 10 and 5 cm. As well as the water temperature of 15 cm in water retention plate is also significant lower than that of other two treatments. The sequence of the temperature range from small to large is 15 cm, 10 cm and 5 cm depth of substrate. In the future, the extreme temperature will happen frequently, it is proposed that using 15 cm depth substrate on the extensive green roof to maintain a stable habitat for plant growth in Taiwan.
VOL.20, NO.1
EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF PLACE CHANGING ON PLACE BONDING—A CASE OF XINSHENG PARK
Shu-Farn Chou, Chia-Kuen Cheng
Place bonding/attachment has received attention from different disciplines for recent decades. Most of the researchers agree that bonding to a place might be taken for granted, and it can only be noticed after the place dramatically changed. However, the effect of place changing on place bonding is rarely discussed in recreational studies. It is the purpose of the study to understand how place bonding toward a recreation places changed after the park was closed. For the purpose of this study, a panel survey was conducted to understand 111 park users’ bonding to the park, which was closed later for the Taipei International Flora Exposition. Thirty-one of them had returned the survey and the levels of bonding changed were compared. Results showed that one of the five dimensions (rootedness) declined significantly after the park closed. Besides, all of the five dimensions (place dependence, place identity, and place belongingness)were found to have positive correlation with their declines and initial values. In other words, people who have stronger emotional bonding toward the park would have larger decline in emotional bonding when the park is unavailable. The results of the current study provide a new way to understand the mechanisms of place disruption.
USING EXPERIENTIAL PARADIGM OF LANDSCAPE EVALUATION TO EXPLORE BLOGGERS’ AFFECTIVE EXPERIENCE IN SUN MOON LAKE
Pei-Chun Chen, Wen-Bor Lu, Sheng-Jung Ou
The blog is an internet space which can be used to record and share personal’s real travel experiences. The provided information can be used to analyze the tourism related issues. This study specifically evaluated the information of blog articles in which present the interaction between human and the landscape. The approach of evaluation was through the experiential paradigm. This study analyzed the content of articles in the travel blogs which were collected from the Yahoo blog, the major blog web site in Taiwan. Thirty-nine articles were selected for the given key word Sun Moon Lake. Through content analysis, the articles were analyzed to identify the landscape elements of Sun Moon Lake, and to understand feelings and responses of traveler. The results showed that people described more in visual elements, such as water, mountains, boats, buildings, clouds, Lalu Island, light and shade for the landscape. The overall feeling of Sun Moon Lake was ignited from feeling to the mountains, water, and fog. After properly united personal feelings and emotions, the sense was led into a fantasy image with descriptions as beautiful, pleasant, or pretty; the sense of tranquility and calmness was related with water, fog, light and shade. Finally, the study verified the experiential paradigm of landscape evaluation can provide more in-depth information about the interaction between human and landscape. The result of analysis in the landscape elements and traveler experience can also help managers understand and identify the major landscape elements of the scenic area.
STUDIES ON THE AESTHETIC VALUES OF NATURAL LANDSCAPE FOR NATIONAL PARKS IN TAIWAN
Yen-Hsi Li
In recent years, the aesthetic values of landscape gradually be taken seriously and be applied to management practices in studies of landscape evaluation. Aesthetic resources are non-commodity, so aesthetic values must be evaluated with the measurement of non-use values. To understand the factor structure about aesthetic values of natural landscape, at first, the present study established three dimensions of aesthetic values (naturalness, amenity, affection)and constructed two dimensions of influenced factors(subjective background and objective cognition) based upon the results of literature review. After that, this study chose the contingent valuation method (CVM) to evaluate the aesthetic values through analyzing non-market evaluation methods. Finally, we will apply the structural model to explore the aesthetic values of natural landscape for National Parks in Taiwan. Taiwanese for the aesthetic value of natural landscape still consider mainly whether it can meet the hearts want to get on the effectiveness of psychological or physiological, followed by the emotional experience and ecological value arising from natural landscape aesthetic in the factor structure of natural landscape aesthetic value. Future aesthetic education of people is therefore necessary to promote the emotional experience and ecological value of aesthetic.
EFFECTS OF PLANT CHARACTERISTIC AND MICROCLIMATE ON EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF COOLING
Yann-Jou Lin, Ai-Tsen Su
Green roof is a popular environmental friendly technology in cooling worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine different cooling effects of plant characteristics and the effects of microclimatic conditions on cooling. The roofs on Landscape Architecture Building of National Taiwan University were chosen as the study site. Fifteen plants were chosen as study materials. The air temperature, air humidity, radiation, substrate humidity, soil heat flux, albedo and floor temperature were recorded every 5 minutes. The daily data from 10 am to 3 pm between June and August 2011 were used. The differences in temperature between the roof and the plant were taken as cooling effects. Results suggested that there were significant differences between the cooling effects of plants. The plant characteristics including thick leaves, short types, thin leaves, small leaves and green leaves had significant better cooling effects. The results of regression suggested that air temperature, radiation, substrate humidity and albedo had significant positive cooling effects, and the air humidity and soil heat flux had significant negative cooling effects. These results could provide information about species selection on green roof construction.