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​VOL.17, NO.4

THE INTERACTION MEANINGS IN SERIOUS LEISURE BEHAVIORS WITH LIVING BEINGS— FOCUS ON REPTILE BREEDING ACTIVITY

Chih-Liang Chao, Wei-Lin Chen

The purpose of this study attempts to explore the behaviors of serious leisure of non- game pet owners, and to further explain the relationships among these behaviors. Based on the principle of theoretical sampling, snowball sampling, in-depth interview and Grounded theory were adopted as the method of data gathering and analysis. The results showed that serious leisure behaviors of non-game pet owners comprised 13 important categories, and the relationships among these categories were explored further as two main development axises, one was “activity oriented development" and the other was “social oriented development". There were two themes discussed in this research, which was “the essence in serious leisure behaviors within living being" and “the relationships and behavior of skills-oriented and social-oriented development axises in serious leisure". Based on results, significant implications for future participants were also suggested.

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF TAI-CHUNG METROPOLITAN PARK -- APPLICATION OF THE BIOTOPE AREA FACTOR

Jing-Shoung Hou, Wei-Chih Chiu

Urban parks and green spaces maintain a large reserve for ecosystem services. This study is to apply the “Application of the Biotope Area Factor" as an index to assess the environmental conditions of urban parks in this study. The Biotope Area Factor was developed as a standard within the scope of landscape planning. Based on the research findings, landscape patterns of land use are classified into 14 landscape homogeneous units. Landscape space is divided into homogeneous units, and were evaluates by their production efficiency of each natural resources and ecological function of land usage. Based on Taichung Metropolitan Park's habitat background and the establishment of the functional requirements, to evaluate the ecological value of each density usage areas, and set the target using the density region of BAF standard. Furthermore to address the sustainable landscape management strategies, given various types of landscape unit of partition management recommendations homogeneous, so that the landscape of resources to maintain stability and sustained productivity, safety, environmental protection, viability and acceptability to the environment for sustainable development.

THE STUDY OF THE THERMAL REDUCTION EFFECT ON ECOLOGY ROOF IN CENTRAL TAIWAN

Chih-Fang Fang

The purpose of this study was to discuss the thermal performance of ecology roof in central Taiwan. The parameters included the plant density index, soil water tension, substrate mixed ratio and plant species. The Hymenocallis speciosa, Zoysia japonica, Portulaca grandiflora, Vitex rotundifolia and the bare soil were selected as experimental area on ecology roof. The temperature was measured on the substrate bottom of each experimental area. The study revealed that the factors affected the bottom temperature in daytime were the soil water tension and the plant density index. The bottom temperature was negatively related to the plant density index (Beta =-0.51) and positive relative to the soil water tension (Beta = 0.635). Influencing the bottom temperature factors in nighttime were the plant density index, soil water tension and substrate mixed ratio. The bottom temperature was positive relative to the plant density index, soil water tension (Beta value was 0.429 and 0.368 respectively) and negative relative to the substrate mixed ratio (80% soil; Beta =-0.244). The ranking of bottom temperature in daytime were the bare soil, Hymenocallis speciosa, Portulaca grandiflora, Zoysia japonica and Vitex rotundifolia. The ranking of bottom temperature in nighttime were Zoysia japonica, Vitex rotundifolia, Hymenocallis speciosa, Portulaca grandiflora and the bare soil.

DECONSTRUCTION AND REORGANIZATION RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE EXPERIENCE AND PLACE MEANING

Yu-Yun Kao, Ying-Hung Li

This study will drop out of the traditional and habitual landscape assessment to ponder the process of personal change from staying out to putting in when landscapes become places. It will also focus on man-land relationship extensively and place experience and meaning deeply. References will be used to recall development context and theoretical framework for landscape experience; meanwhile, discussions about place meaning will be collected to be the model of hierarchical by deconstruction and reorganization. In this study, “experience order" and “meaning status" is the foundation to construct a model for addressing three-stage pyramid in place concept. The bottom of the pyramid is “physics", which is the basic phase for people and place interactions. “Physics" refers to surface cognition in physical environment and biological emotion and reaction. The middle of the pyramid is “person", which emphasizes personal past experience, memory, emotion and specific connection with places; in other words, the meaning in the middle phase is still a part of personal psychology. The top of pyramid is “society", which belongs to the relationship between context of social situation and interaction within the same generation. Both stages of “physics" and “person" come under the authority of environmental psychology, and “society" stage is a part of social psychology. Meaning comes from experience, and experience relies on interaction between people and place. When person invests in or contact with place for a long time, landscape is not the subject which is seen no more, but it can integrate with place meaning and experience.

​VOL.17, NO.3

EXPLORING THE INFLUENCES OF FESTIVAL PERCEIVED BENEFIT ON PLACE ATTACHMENT AND SENSE OF COMMUNITY BY THE LOCAL FESTIVALS

Ching-Sung Lee, Ming-Ching Yang, Cheng-Wei Che

Due to the local festivals' characteristic, it was important to linkage of festival benefits and local environment by residents. Environment was distributed into two parts, one is physical environment and the other is social environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was explored the influences of festival perceived benefits on place attachment and sense of community. The findings of this study indicated that the local residents had positive festival perceived benefits. Both place attachment and sense of community also had positive influence to it. This study suggests that local festivals' cultural creativity combine local culture with resource characters. Attracting more visitors participation with benefits of local residents support, and integration of festival creativeness with local culture characteristics and resources, will achieve a sustainable operational purpose.

THE INFLUENCE OF GREEN SPACE ON NEIGHBORHOOD RESIDENTS' HEALTH

Yen-Cheng Chiang, Yi-Ling Chen, Kuang-Liang Huang, Pei-Yi Weng

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among green space, respiratory health status, medical conditions and health promotions. Based on National Land Surveying and Mapping Center's land use types criteria, we used geographic information system (GIS) to obtain green area and ration of green space. Respiratory health status, medical conditions, health promotions and participation were selected as measurement tools. Participants who lived in Chiayi City with respiratory diseases before were collected. From the nine districts' populations of Chiayi City, a total of 456 valid questionnaires were obtained. The results of correlation showed that green area and ration of green space positively correlated with health promotions. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation with respiratory health status and medical conditions. In frequency and spent time in green space, residents' health promotions were good while they spent more time in green space, but there was no difference with respiratory health status and medical conditions as well. Different activities had no significant difference with three variables of health. These findings can provide a reference guide for parks with regards to area and quantity when the authorities are doing urban planning review so as to increase residents' living quality and health.

VOLUNTEERS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: FROM THE DEEPENING OF CHARACTERISTICS IN SERIOUS LEISURE

Chih-Liang Chao, Hsiao-Yum Tsai

The study verified the concept of serious leisure traits provided by Stebbins (1982; 2001) based on the characteristics in the career volunteers of Taiwan Forestry Bureau. Also, according to the viewpoint of profit hypothesis (Stebbins, 1992b), the object clarified the influences between cost/reward to the serious leisure traits. Total 331 valid questionnaires were collected from on site survey and mail survey of the career volunteers from eight subordinate agencies of Forest Bureau since February 28 to May 7 in 2010. The results from confirmatory factor analysis showed that five traits related to serious leisure have been proved. Combined the concept of cost/reward from profit hypothesis and the construct of serious leisure traits, the results from structural equation modeling found out that cost/reward were effected upon the two cause traits: personal effort and unique ethos, and also have influenced on three consequence traits: career, durable outcomes, and identification. In terms of implication and application, this study suggested there is a need to clearly situate the role of serious leisure qualities in human resources management of volunteering.

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERCEIVED RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY, NEIGHBORHOOD ATTACHMENT, AND PERCEIVED RESTORATION

Yuan-I Eric Yeh, Wen-Wei Tseng, Chin-Szu Joy Wu

This study is aimed to investigate the relationships between resident's perceived residential environment quality, neighborhood attachment, and perceived restoration. The concepts and variables of revised-perceived residential environment quality (R-PREQ), attention restoration theory (ART), and revised-perceived restoration scale (R-PRS) were employed by this study to build a model and further to explore the relationships between these variables. A total of one hundred and thirty nine samples of residents living in the advanced healthy community in Taichung city were investigated through convenience sampling and survey data were analyzed by using linear structural relationships (LISREL). The findings indicated that: (1) neighborhood attachment (R-NA) would mediate the relationships between perceived residential environment quality and perceived restoration; (2) the indicators of architectural/town-planning, organizations  of accessibility and roads, people and social relations, social-health-assistance services, cultural- recreational services, and transportation were significantly reflected to perceived residential  environment, and positively related to neighborhood attachment; (3) neighborhood attachment was positively related to perceived restoration in preference and familiarity. It shown that residential environment is regarded as a potential for restoration due to resident's affective bonding to their preferred living environment.

​VOL.17, NO.2

A STUDY ON RURAL ROAD LANDSCAPES AND USERS' COGNITION

Shu-Chen Chang

Due to economic and social transitions in Taiwan, there have been dramatic changes in its rural areas. The traditional landscapes of rural areas have gradually disappeared, owing to their increased population density, the development of transportation systems, and other modernization. Besides providing transport, roads also play the role in helping users to recognize the local landscapes. Therefore, this study will focus on picture analysis regarding road landscapes in rural areas and explore which element and perception of landscape could affect the cognition of rural features. The results show: (1) These two elements, 'environment' and 'order', among four landscape perceptions argued in the study have significant influence on the cognition of rural features; naturality and disorder present more rural features eminently. (2) Green vegetation can help the cognition of rural features and also benefit the creation of sightly, natural and friendly rural landscapes remarkably, especially plants. (3) Negative artificial landscapes, particularly cement constructions, can cause the reduction in the cognition of rural features and lead users to feel rural landscapes unsightly, artificial and disordered as well. Overall, farms are the most typical rural feature. However, wild plants and disorder are the impressions most people have of rural landscapes.

THE EFFECT OF CONTAINER GARDEN ATTRIBUTES ON CONSUMER'S PREFERENCE

Po-Ting Lu, Yann-Jou Lin

Container garden is a type of pot flowers. In addition to used as house or office environment decoration, it's also used as gifts, and is becoming popular in Taiwan's floral market these days. In order to develop a suitable market strategy plan, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of container garden attributes on consumer preferences and to compare the differences between self users and gift users by analyzing the sample ranking, the results of preferences for different container garden attributes. The study collected container garden product pictures from floral stores' DM. There were 5 test samples and 100 formal samples being selected which consumers were asked to score. Self users and gift users all prefer cheaper, plenty amount of plants, and flowering plant. Nevertheless, the consumer preferences vary by different purchasing purposes. Gift users prefer large size and white flowers. On the contrary, self users prefer middle and large size, and dislike foliage plant. When plant amount increases, self users' willingness-to-pay is higher than gift users'. In conclusion, it is recommended that container garden producers shall focus on middle size, about 2,000 NT dollars, and flowering plant. Especially produce white flowers, and enrich the product properly for better sale value.

PERCEIVED REDUCTION OF DENTAL STRESS THROUGH VIEWING CEILING DECORATION WITH THE GREENERY PHOTO IN DENTISTRY

Heng-Jui Hsu, Hui-Mei Chen, Chun-Yen Chang

The purposes of this current study were to investigate the patients' stress reducing effects through viewing the ceiling decoration with the greenery landscape in the dental surgery, and to identify the influential factors on these stress reducing effects. This study was conducted at a dental clinic in Taipei. One hundred patients viewed the ceiling photo simulitating under the shade of camphor tree when they got dental treatment. Participants rated their preference and three perceived effects of stress reduction: pain relief, fear relief, and tension relief. Besides, their viewing time and feelings about the photo, as well as personal information were also collected. The results revealed that the respondents' preferences of the greenery landscape were very high, and the preferences were consentient among varied respondents. Most of the feelings of viewing the greenery landscape were positive, such as relaxed, natural, happy, and beautiful. Viewing the greenery landscape indeed have noticeable effects on patients' stress reduction. Additionally, landscape preference was the only one influential factor on these stress reducing effects.

A STUDY ON INDIGENOUS TOURISM IMPACT IN LAN-YU AREA: APPLYING PERSPECTIVE OF COMMUNITY ATTACHMENT

Ying-wei Wu, Hui-ling Chen

Along with growing awareness of indigenous culture and the promotion of national tourism policies in Lan-Yu area, deep tourism based upon community has sprung up to provide tourists opportunities to experience nature and ethnic culture. However, it is urgent to achieve balance between resource conservation and tourism development, given the uniqueness of social-cultural and natural resources in this area. The purpose of this study intended to explore resident's perceptions and attitudes towards tourism impact, and the influences of community attachment and industrial dependence on their perceptions. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were conducted in this study. With respect to qualitative method, in-depth personal interviews with residents were utilized. Besides, an on-site questionnaire survey was conducted on residents residing at six tribes in July, 2009. A total of 103 valid questionnaires were obtained. Data were then analyzed using SPSS 12.0 software. The findings showed that residents at Lan-Yu recognized the contributions of tourism development to job creation and the passage of tribal culture, and the future development of ecotourism. The lack of long-term planning and effective fund use were significant constraints. Meanwhile, residents with higher levels of community attachment were more likely to recognize tourism benefits of cultural promotion and economic enhancement and that were associated with stronger support for tourism development. This paper concluded with practical recommendations for related policy making and management in tourism development.

​VOL.17, NO.1

THE INFLUENCES OF HOT SPRINGS TOURISTS' DESTINATION PERSONALITITES ON FOOD EXPERIENCES: THE CASE OF PEI-TOU HOT SPRINGS DESTINATION

Chung-Hsien Lin, Chia-Min Liu, Nai-Yu Wang, Wei-Ching Wang

Researchers have made great efforts to examine the aspects of tourists' cognition and affection toward a destination, but few have attempted to address tourists' destination personalities and food experiences of a hot springs destination. The purposes of this study are to examine empirically whether or not the distinct dimensions of tourists' destination personalities and food experiences exist, and to examine the influences of destination personality on food experience. In this study on-site questionnaire survey is administered to collect data regarding tourists' visitations to Pei-Tou hot springs destination. The results indicate that tourists' destination personalities consist of four distinct dimensions labeled with simple, health- enthusiastic, luxurious, and rememberance-old, and food experiences comprise two distinct dimensions named health-experimental and life-diversionary. In addition, three types (i.e., health-care tourists, low-key luxury tourists, and mass tourists) of destination personality tourist are identified. Furthermore, the results show that food experiences vary across the types of destination personality tourists. The findings suggest that detination personalities can be used to be an efficient segmentation tool and show that food experiences indeed exist when tourists visit a hot springs destination. Theoretically, the multi-dimensional nature of destination personality reflects the nature of postmodern in hot springs tourism development.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFESTYLES AND LEISURE RESOURCEFULNESS, SATISFACTION IN PARK – THE CASE STUDY OF ELDERLY AGED FIFTY AND OVER IN TAICHUNG CITY

Jing-Shoung Hou, Chang-Jen Kuo, Po-Hsun Tseng

According to the Ministry of the Interior, people aged above 65 years old, effect by the extended average lifespan, have reached to 2343 thousand, 10.2% of gross population, and by 2031, it will increase to 20.07% and have a tendency toward an aging society, estimated by Council for Economic Planning and Development. Issues on related welfare programs and designing of leisure spot for senior citizens have been scrutinized. Researches shows a relief on financial burden by enhancing senior health life and increasing their euphoria. Most of the former studies on their leisure activities have focused on certain specific circumstances and life in rest-home, the feelings obtained from doing them are less concerned, so as the researches on their lifestyle, leisure resourcefulness and satisfaction. In order to understand the feelings they get while doing leisure activities, we took questionnaire in the parks of Taichung city to get the relation between the place they go and the potential needs for it and form a concept of leisure resources of citizens' behavior. The result of study is found:1. Senior citizens' lifestyles can be divided into four groups, each named for: "Leaders" type, "Self-knowing" type, "Active" type and "Stubborn" type; 2. There were two dimensions to the leisure resourcefulness: feeling of leisure, essential activity; 3. The lifestyles groups have signal difference in the leisure resourcefulness; 4. The lifestyles groups have signal difference in park use satisfaction.

INFLUENCES OF LAND DEVELOPMENT LEVEL ON RESPONDENTS' NATURALNESS AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL RESPONSES

Pei-Yi Weng, Yen-Cheng Chiang, Chun-Yen Chang

The purpose of this study was to connect the studies of landscape ecology and landscape psychophysiology. To realize the relationships between different land development and respondents' psycho-physiological benefits, the theories of spatial analysis were used to explore the relationships among the naturalness, the respondents' psychological, and physical responses. The Yangmingshan National Park was selected as study site. Each selected spot in the site were videotaping for 20 seconds as stimuli. In land development levels, GIS was used to calculate the area of farmland, built area, forest, and water body. In questionnaires collection, 129 participants were collected by convenient sampling method. Also, the naturalness scale, physiological indices (EEG, EMG, and heart rate) and the restorative components scale were adopted in this study. The results showed that the different level of land development would influence respondents' naturalness, which bring out different kinds of respondents' psychophysical responses. Furthermore, primitive area is not a highest naturalness perceived area. In gender difference, female have higher naturalness perceived than male in semi- and primitive area. These findings will help to establish the principles of landscape design.

THE CONSTRUCTION AND CHANGE OF AN IRRIGATION CHANNEL IN THE DING-BEN-ZAI MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENT OF CHIAYI COUNTY

Pen-Yuan Chen, I-Yuan Chen

This study is aimed to investigate the construction and environmental change of the Chong- guan irrigation channel in the Ding-ben-zai mountain settlement, located at Guang-hua Village, Zhu-qi Country, Chiayi County. Different from the traditional irrigation channel in the plain and modern cement irrigation channel, the Chong-guang irrigation channel in this mountain settlement was built with slates cut by human beings, and still maintained its traditional model until now. Since the Ding-ben-zai settlement is located at a relatively remote mountain area, the construction method of the Chong-guang irrigation channel is worthy of study.  
Through the field study and interviewing local seniors of the Ding-ben-zai settlement, as well as examining the original design map and contract of the Chong-guang irrigation channel, the reasons and processes of constructing the irrigation channel and the wisdom of residents can be understood. We find that the tools of measuring and planning the Chong-guang irrigation channel are level instruments, bamboo poles and stones. The tools are really quite simple, however, they can be used to develop the Chong-guang irrigation channel successfully. The water source of this channel is originated from the Ba-Zhang river and used to irrigate the rice crops of the Ding-ben-zai settlement. Part of the channel was destroyed due to natural disasters or human activities; however, most of the channel is still in a pretty good shape. The Chong- guang irrigation channel to this rural area is not only functioned for irrigation, but also for ecology, sightseeing and human culture values.

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