VOL.13, NO.4
A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COGNITION AND SATISFACTION OF VISITORS IN HENGCHUN TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN*
Li-Shin Chang, Shiou-Luen Lin
Heng-Chun Tropical Botanical Garden is located in boundary of Ken-ting National Park in Taiwan. Due to the alternations of government policy, the site of Heng-Chun Tropical Botanical Garden overlaps with the Ken-ting Forest Recreational Area. Currently the garden is maintained and managed by both Taiwan Forest Research Institute and Taiwan Forest Bureau. In order to explore the influence of such background on the cognition and degree of satisfaction of visitors to the site, questionnaire survey was used to explore the following issues, including general background and characteristics of traveling of visitors, their cognition to the Garden, visitors' cognition to the functions of the Garden, the degree of satisfaction of visitors, their willingness of revisit, and finally, how their cognition to the functions of hardware and software of the garden was also discussed.
The results of this study indicate that cognition to the site is significantly different among gender and ages of visitors. The degree of satisfaction to the site was not altered whether the cognition before and after entry of the garden was consistent or not, however, their willingness to revisit was influenced if their cognition to the site changed. Besides, according to visitors' evaluation on education and recreation function of the site, the hardware of the garden could be divided into "man-made recreational facilities" and "natural and cultural education facilities", the software of the garden can be divided into "interactive and vigorous atmosphere" and "static and knowledge based atmosphere" by application of Factor Analysis. The results of the questionnaire survey reveal that the unclear orientation of the garden has resulted discrepancy between visitors' site cognition and destination cognition. The results suggest that distinguishing features and orientation of the HTBG need to be identified to help visitors to generate the right cognition to the site and attract more visitors to return. The finding of this research can be used to assist the authority to develop management plan and generate management and maintenance strategies in the future.
AN EXPLORARTORY STUDY ON THE INTERVENTION OF HORTICULTURAL THERAPY WITH DEPRESSIVE DISORDER FEMALE: A CASE STUDY
Hui-Mei Chen, Cheng-Dien Hsu
The purposes of this study are to assess the effect of the horticultural therapy upon the depressive disorder female and to make a comparison of patient's leisure attitudes between before and after she accepted the therapy. This research took a young woman who accepted psychotherapy in the Taiwan Adventist Hospital as the client. The therapy lasted four month. During that time, the client must participated horticultural activity three times once a week at least and more than thirty minutes each time. The research process contains four steps: conditional assessment, horticultural activity design, implementation of horticultural therapy, as well as therapy evaluation. The result showed that the horticultural therapy indeed made improvement in client's reducing depressive disorders. The client gained positive emotions from participating in horticultural activity, and her attitude toward leisure was change after the therapy. Moreover, the activity participating intensity positively affected upon client's emotions and benefit cognition of activity.
THE RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR RIVER'S ECO-REVETMENT
PLANNING
Li-Shueh Lee, Genq-Ru Lin
The river environments could be divided into 11 types. It were used Analytic Hierarchy Process to integrate the objects of ecology, safety, water accessibility, budget, time to establish appropriate evaluation factors and evaluation standards for the different river types 's construct planning. Inclusion, the object of safety is the most important in river's eco- evetments planning, the others objects should be adjustment of the different environments. And the results could be use to guide the river's construction of eco-revetment planning. While planner used to combine the evaluation framework with the investigation of current status in river system that will create the revetment engineering constructions for difference river environments.
EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL POND IN TAIPEI ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CAMPUS
Ching-Jung Wu, Yann-Jou Lin
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the ecological pond design in Taipei elementary schools fulfill its design purpose, focusing on whether the usage of end-users congruent with the original design goals. The data were collected by literature review, on-site survey, interviews with the management personnel, questionnaire survey, and observation of users' behaviors. The findings of this study indicate that most ecological pond have rich species found in the textbooks. Observations are important way of utilizing the ecological ponds. In order to ensure and provide for a rich growth of natural habitat, it is recommended to increase the area of the ecology pond. Control of the water pH value and dissolved oxygen can promotes biological growth. Students tend to visit the ecological pond more when the variety and diversity in the living organisms are vast and thriving naturally.
VOL.13, NO.3
THE STUDY ON SHADE TOLERANCE OF COMMON ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN TAIWAN
Chun-Wei Wu, Yu-Sen Chang, Jung-Huei Hsu
This study compared the leaf morphological and physiological characteristics of plants to investigate the shade tolerance index. Under natural environments, 20 common ornamental plants in Taiwan such as Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Camellia japonica, Schefflera arboricola, Murraya paniculata, Palaquium formosanum, Cerbera manghas, Osmanthus fragrans, Pongamia pinnata, Melaleuca leucadendra, Artocarpus altilis, Albizzia lebbeck, Bauhinia variegate, Erythrina corallodendron, Plumeria ruba var. acutifolia and so on were used to observe the leaf morphological and physiological characteristics. According to the different review about ornamentals, those plants were grouped and given the shading index. The correlation between shading index and the data of observation were tested. The results showed that there were positive correlation between shading index and specific leaf weight (SLFW) (r=0.8016*** ), temperature difference between leaves and air (△T) (r=0.7825*** ), leaf thickness (r=0.7776*** ), chlorophyll meter reading values (CMR) (r=0.6720** ), chlorophyll a content (r=0.5436* ) and chlorophyll a+b content (r=0.4926* )。
EFFECT OF CONTAINER NURSERY STOCK PRODUCTION METHODS ON GROWTH OF CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA (LINN.) SIEB.
Chen-Yu Lin, Yu-Sen Chang, Jung-Huei Hsu
Nursery stock in container provided an effective, convenient, and economical production methods. However, there were still some disadvantages; for example, greater changes of soil temperature, inferior drainage of the container bottom, and easily occurrence of circling root ,etc. The objectives of this study was to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the container grown and the field grown nursery stock, in order to find out the most appropriate method for the growth of Alstonia scholaris. Comparing the growth between the field grown and container nursery (plastic container and fabric bag) showed that the lower soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) slowed down the growth of fabric bag and field grown nursery stock. The plastic container had better drainage and higher ODR. Nursery stock grown in plastic vigor than fabric bag grown and field grown trees. Growth and nursery stock quality of Alstonia scholaris in hard pot were similar to in soft pot. However, trees in hard pot were more stable under windy condition during production than grown in soft pot.
STUDY ON INFORMATION ENTROPY VARIATION OF LANDSCAPE HETEROGENEITY AT FARMLAND CONSOLIDATION AREA
Shin-Hwei Lin, Ming-Te Sun, Yi-Chang Chen
Farmland consolidation has been conducted for about 50 years in Taiwan since 1958. With the change of governmental land policy and the integrative agricuture environment, farmers utilize the land within the consolidation area in different ways obviously, and those result different man-made landscape. This case study chooses the consolidation area of Daliao Village, Kaohsiung County, used aerial photos of five periods after farmland consolidation in 1969, to create a classified and digitized database of each land use. This study also integrates the theory of landscape ecology and geographic information system (GIS) to explore the landscape heterogeneity of farmland. The result shows that because of the information content of farmland is high and gathering; the farmland is still the matrix of a landscape after initial consolidation. And after farmland consolidation over 30 years, the farmland was different used by natural and the land had diverse exploitations gradually. The farmland had consolidated and the variety of the land use, urbanized effects, man-made interferences, for these reasons, the units of land use were segmented into small, the information entropy and fractal dimension was high, the information content and the frequency of farmland reduced gradually, which means the control ability of matrix function of farmland also reduced.
AN EXPLORATION ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF TOURISM IMAGES AT PULI WINERY
Ming-Ching Yang
The encounter, which is the mutual interaction of symbol, vision and hearing among two or more individuals in a place, usually requires skillful contact. Therefore, tourists, winery service providers, non-winery service-providing locals can be viewed as the key stage actors on the park of tourism winery. If those actors are not able to understand the potential differences of tourism constructed images emanating from people's interaction, then the encounter is controversial due to their insufficient appropriate interaction. It is essential that the exploration on the potential differences of constructed tourism images can assist those responsible for the development of tourism winery to have a successful operation in the future.
This study was to explore the constructed images of Pu-Li tourism winery. 21 trained interviewers purposefully conducted convenient interviews on 350 tourists, 50 winery service providers, and 100 non-winery service-providing locals. The results of discourse analysis indicated differences existed in the statement and opinions on the present situations, recreational experiences, and future development of Pu-Li tourism winery. The examination on the social facts of tourism winery revealed that the interesting paradox existing in the image of pleasure seeking and the one of management on mass tourism; and the comprehensive image of tourism on special interests. In consideration of three perspectives of social reality, for the future development of Pu-Li tourism winery, the better scenarios and role playing among tourists, winery service providers, non-winery service-providing locals were discussed in this study.
VOL.13, NO.2
THE INFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT LANDSCAPE TYPES ON ATTENTION
Wan-Yu Luan, Yann-Jou Lin
The purpose of this study is to figure out that how human beings' attention will be affected by the artificial and the natural landscapes. And then the examination is going to focus on the performance brought from the four elements, including the visually perceived greening ratio, the types of plants, the kinds of color (the green plants v.s. the colorful plants), the environment with/without waterscape when subjects view natural landscape. Subjects were evaluated by Necker Cube Pattern Control (NCPC) test to figure out how the environmental elements will influence their attention. According to the report, significantly, we found that the subjects who looked at natural landscape pictures were more concentrative than the others who viewed the artificial pictures. It showed that natural environment really has positive influence on human.
We discussed the elements of natural landscape. The result showed that the performance on the test about attention improved significantly from pretest to posttest in the case of the environment with waterscape. It is a suggestion for landscape designers to keep the point when they have plans about landscaping. In this way, they could not only beautify environment but also bestead human's attention.
THE STUDY OF GOLF COURSE LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL CHANGE BEFORE AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION AND ITS ROLE OF ECOLOGY
Yu-Jen Kuo, Chan-Han Chiang, Chi-Ru Chang
The use of pesticides, the impact on water and soil quality, irrigation water usage, loss of habitat and wildlife species are often cited as public concerns about the golf industry. From a landscape perspective, however, the rough areas in a golf course could potentially increase the heterogeneity of the landscape, and through careful design, may become an area of ecological potential. The purpose of this study is to analyze the landscape changes during a golf course construction in order to identify areas of potential hazard and areas of ecological potential. We analyzed the landscape structure of International Golf Course, Taichung, using geographic information system (GIS) and landscape ecological indices. From the results, we found that landscape gradients were mainly concentrated between 15% to 45% before the establishment of the golf course. Post-construction golf course landscape was changed to mostly 15%. Most of the woodlands were changed to grassland. From the results we also found that our stu died golf course contained 45% of rough area (54 ha). Results were shown that different vegetation types survived around the golf course such as orchard and rice field and native vegetations cover partial of the land surrounding the course. According to coordinate (x, y) with before and after golf course established maps shown that 23 ha of rough were covered with trees, means relatively abundance of rough. From the measurement of patch characteristics revealed that rough areas show the most number of patches the largest average size of patch than the other areas. Use GIS and landscape ecological index to study the golf course ecology is first demonstrated in this study. The newly grassland was recreated in golf course rough due to recreational purpose need to enhance its natural resources and biodiversity in the future. To assess the ecological value of a managed landscape is to finding criteria by which to evaluate its components and quantifying naturalness. In order for improving the ecological sound of the golf course, the watershed needs to be set between patches. The average distances of two watersheds are about 67.7m. Corridor design must be developed in decreasing their distance. Use GIS to evaluate the golf course ecological value is valuable demonstrated in this study. However, restoring naturalness means planting a native tree or planting a forest, thus, traditional survey method is necessary.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING PANELS ON FOREIGN TOURISTS' PERCEPTION OF STREET IMAGE IN TAIPEI CITY
Jia-Jy Yen, Ling-Hua Lee
The main purpose of the study was to understand the influence of advertising panel on Taipei street image perceiving by foreign tourists. Firstly, the study used factorial design of conjoint analysis to create 10 stimuli by combining different levels of four attributes, which were "position", "form", "quantity", and "size" of advertising panel, and secondly, to reduce the adjectives for advertising panels by factor analysis into two dimensions, including "crowded, disorder and incongruity" and "lively and very clean". The influences of streets image were measured from three aspects, which are "the advertising throughout the scene creates an urban street landscape type of feeling", "The advertising panels has beautified the street scene", and "The advertising panels and signs have added to Taipei's cultural characteristic". A total of 338 valid questionnaires were received. The results found position, form, quantity, and size of advertising panel all significantly affecte d the perception of environment; and position of advertising panel affected the whole perception of street image in Taipei. Further, quantity and size effectively influenced tourists" perception of culture and beauty of Taipei city.
A STUDY ON SUBJECT AND OBJECT FACTORS OF LANDSCAPE AESTHETIC AFFECTS
Yen-Hsi Li, Sheng-Jung Ou, Chun-Yen Chang
The study firstly reviewed the literature of philosophic aesthetic, landscape aesthetic evaluation and study for constructing probable subject and object influence factors of landscape aesthetic affects used as independent variables. Secondly, the study used 12 factors of landscape aesthetic affects in Taiwan as dependent variable, including relaxation-pleasure, blue-solitary, grandeur-sublime, rationality-unity, quiet-calm, indigenousness-remembrance, hazy-illusionary, blink-speed, foreign-surreal, gorgeous, fairytale and abundance. The study analyzed the correlations between subject and object influence factors and landscape aesthetic affects for the National Parks in Taiwan. By performing statistical analyses between subject factors and landscape aesthetic affects, the study found out that several visitor's characteristics, such as memory, association, knowledge, experience, mood and age, were significantly positive correlated to all of the aesthetic affects except for education level that was negat ve affection. In addition, the study analyzed the correlations between object factors and landscape aesthetic affects, the results showed that different composition styles have significant differences in each aesthetic affects. Further more, the study analyzed the correlations between the single element of photos and aesthetic affects. The results showed that 12 aesthetic affects were almost not correlated with proportion of content and complex of color. According to the above-mentioned results, the composition style is a considerable object factor when we research on landscape aesthetic affects with photos.
VOL.13, NO.1
VISITORS' COGNITION OF PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES AND PURCHASING INTENTION OF INDIGENOUS SOUVENIRS -- A CASE STUDY OF TAROKO NATIONAL PARK
Chin-Chung Yu, Yann-Jou Lin, Wen-Chin Huang, Bau-Show Lin
National parks are established for the purposes of protecting the natural and cultural resources of the nation and providing quality recreational opportunities for the citizens in Taiwan. Taroko National Park locates on eastern part of Taiwan, which makes efforts in indigenous culture conservation and promotion. In Buluowan recreational area, traditional crafts are performed by indigenes. There also has souvenir shop sells the artifacts. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between product attributes of indigenous souvenirs and purchasing intention. This study chooses three main categories of the souvenirs: T-shirt, purse, and lazurite bracelet, by interviewing the indigenes who make and sell the souvenirs. Product attributes are derived from literature reviewing and professionals interviewing. The performance of product attributes and purchasing intention of souvenirs are collected by structured questionnaire interview in Buluowan recreational area. The results show that visi ts reveal their intention to buy purse and lazurite bracelet. With respect to the performance of product attribute, T-shirt gets high rate in practicality. Purse is appreciated by its colors, handmade and practicality. Lazurite bracelet is good in colors, handmade, design, and the price. Product attributes significantly influencing on the choice intention of visitor are practicality, design, the price, the pattern and character of native culture, and colors.
THE BENEFITS EVALUATION OF TAROKO GORGE CONCERT FESTIVAL
Wen-Chin Huang, Yu-Ching Chen, Yann-Jou Lin
Each year more and more events take place in Taiwan's National Parks, and the scales of events are tending to become larger. In order to understand the benefits generated by these events, this study evaluated the benefits of Taroko Gorge Concert Festival in the dimensions of recreation, economy, conservation, education, advertisement and organization. Besides, this study also compared these benefits of events held in 2004 and 2005. Results showed that concert had attracted more than six thousand visitors per year and satisfied most visitors' recreational benefits of mental restoration, social contact and achievements. The arrangements of concert programs were different between 2004 and 2005 but there's no significant difference in recreation benefits and economic benefits. Half of visitors came from other counties and they were willing to spend money on the local traffic, food, accommodation and products. Hence, they brought about NT$ seven million and NT$ eleven million in 2004 and 2005 to im prove the local industry. In terms of Taroko National Park benefits, managers and event's operators agreed that these two concerts increased Park's education and advertisement benefits but hindered her conservation. In conclusion, the benefits of Taroko Gorge Concert Festival were great in recreation, economy, education, advertisement and organization. This study also suggested building up a set of benefits evaluation guideline and evaluation mechanism for all kinds of events in Taiwan National Parks to ensure the combine between event's goals and National Park's conservation, recreational, and scientific research objectives.
THE COMPARISON OF LANDSCAPE AESTHETIC SIMULATION METHODS AND APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC ARTISTRY IN CITY PLAZA
Jing-Shoung Hou, Su-Hsin Lee, Hong-Rui Zeng, Chao-Han Chang
Environmental perception and landscape evaluation are important information to evaluate natural or artificial environment for offering suggestions to environmental planning or design scheme. Researchers have proposed a theory of landscape aesthetics and examined the measurement of evaluation method. Simulation images have been used extensively recently as a communication tool in practical and educational programs. This paper reviewed recent landscape evaluation researches in Taiwan, and examined viewer's perception on public artistry in a city plaza. Taking representativeness, reality, clarity and interest as four criteria and using four kinds of simulation media including photos, image formatting, 3D virtual reality, and micro-photographing models to examine the different perceptions between environmental professional background and non-environmental training university students, the study tried to investigate what mode of evaluation is suitable to different types of public art. The results showed that (1) although subjects with professional backgrounds had higher preference for 3D virtual reality, there was no significant difference of cognition reaction between the subjects with different training backgrounds; (2) the perception of interest had the strongest influence in simulation image and; (3) the subjects had higher reaction to the dynamic simulation images (3D virtual reality and micro-photographing of model) which represented a sequential context, therefore the dynamic simulations is a good evaluation and education tool.
EVALUATING THE EFFECT ON THE CHANGE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN RURAL AREA BY AGRICULTURAL FALLOW LAND-A CASE STUDY OF KAWNSHAN AREA, TAITUNG COUNTY
Hou-Nan Tsai, Tsz-Ai Huang
The concerns for conservation and management of rural landscape have become prevailing worldwide. After Taiwan government joined the WTO, the flexible adjus- tment in amounts of agricultural productions has let agricultural fallow lands generally appear in rural areas. Behind this phenomenon, there are several problems need to be analyzed and accessed. The first is how to plan and manage to enhance the ecological effect of fallow landscape in terms of sustainable development and ecological con- servation. The second is what kinds of ecological effects that the fallow landscape brings to the regional agricultural environment and its landscape pattern. The third is that in which aspect and to what extent it influenced it at local level Also, does the location of fallow lands matter in causing landscape ecological effects differently?
This article focuses on how fallow lands are uiltized to increase the biodiversity and connectivity of ecological patches in Kungshan agriculutral region, Taitung County, where the landscape matrix is paddy fields. Five landscape indexes (PD MPS 、 LSI、 MPFD 、 PX) are used to analyze the influences of fallow lands upon the transformation of landscape pattern. Also, it analyzes and compares the landscape patterns and ecological effects that occur before and after relocating fallow lands. Finally, it suggests a desirable planning and management model for fallow lands in terms of sustainable agricultural development. This empirical research verifies that fallow lands increase the biodiversity and patch connectivity in regional agri- and eco-environment, and the location of fallow lands is indeed critical to influence the connectivity of ecological network. Therefore, agricultural sectors should value the planning and management of fallow lands and provide different rates of fallow subsidy regard to the conditi ons of different locations.